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Natural semantic metalanguage page restructure in progress

=Introduction=

The natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) is a linguistic theory developed by Anna Wierzbicka at Warsaw University and later at the Australian National University in the early 1970s, and Cliff Goddard at Australia's Griffith University. The theory is based on the conception of semantic primitives by Polish professor Andrzej Bogusławski and ultimately Leibniz.

The NSM approach to semantics draws on the principles of reductive paraphrase - to reduce a concept to its most basic terms, avoiding circularity, obscurity, and ethnocentricity.

Research in the NSM approach deals extensively with language and cognition, and language and culture. Key areas of research include lexical semantics, grammatical semantics, phraseology and pragmatics, as well as cross-cultural communication.

=Theory Overview=

Cultural Scripts
=History of the theory=

Applications
=Criticism of the theory=

=Languages studied= Many languages have been the subject of papers using NSM methodology. Below is a list of languages grouped by language family.

AFRICAN LANGUAGES AFRO-ASIATIC LANGUAGES AUSTRALIAN LANGUAGES AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGES CHINESE CREOLES DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES ENGLISH GERMANIC LANGUAGES (EXCEPT ENGLISH) GREEK INDO-IRANIAN JAPANESE KOREAN NATIVE AMERICAN LANGUAGES PAPUAN LANGUAGES ROMANCE LANGUAGES (INCL. LATIN) SLAVIC LANGUAGES TAI LANGUAGES TURKISH URALIC LANGUAGES VIETNAMESE
 * Akan
 * Buli
 * Ewe
 * Giryama
 * Likpe
 * Wolof
 * Amharic
 * Arabic
 * Hebrew (including Biblical)
 * Tarifyt Berber
 * Arrernte
 * Bunuba
 * Dalabon
 * Kayardild
 * Mayali
 * Nhaalya
 * Pintupi
 * Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara
 * Walmatjari
 * Warlpiri
 * Acehnese
 * Ilongot
 * Javanese
 * Longgu
 * Malay
 * Maori
 * Samoan
 * Tagalog
 * Chinese (Cantonese)
 * Chinese (Hokkien)
 * Chinese (Mandarin)
 * Chinese (Shanghainese)
 * Chinese (Singapore)
 * Bislama
 * Creoles (Iberoromance)
 * Hawaii Creole English
 * Roper Kriol
 * Tok Pisin
 * Trini (= Trinidadian Creole)
 * Solega
 * English (Aboriginal)
 * English (American)
 * English (Australia)
 * English (Ireland)
 * English (Singapore)
 * English (UK)
 * Danish
 * German
 * Norwegian
 * Swedish
 * Yiddish
 * Greek (Cyprus)
 * Hindi
 * Persian (Farsi)
 * East Cree
 * Karuk
 * Misumalpan
 * Pirahã
 * Kalam
 * Koromu
 * Makasai
 * Mbula
 * French
 * Italian
 * Latin
 * Portuguese
 * Portuguese (Brasil)
 * Portuguese (Portugal)
 * Romanian
 * Spanish
 * Judeo-Spanish
 * Spanish (Latin America)
 * Polish
 * Russian
 * Serbian
 * Lao
 * Thai
 * Finnish

Full tables of primes
Full tables of primes exist for the following languages

=Key Academics/Researchers=
 * Anna Wierzbicka
 * Cliff Goddard

=See also= Semantic primes

Explications

Cultural scripts

Minimal English

=References=

=External links=