User:Ashzhibas/Сатурн

Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest in the Solar system after Jupiter. Saturn, along with Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune, are classified as gas giants. Saturn is named after the Roman God of agriculture.Template:Move the Symbol of Saturn is the sickle (Unicode: ♄).

Basically, Saturn is composed of hydrogen, with impurities of helium and traces of water, methane, ammonia and heavy elements. The inner region is a relatively small core of iron, Nickel and ice, covered with a thin layer of metallic hydrogen and a gaseous outer layer. The outer atmosphere of the planet seems calm and uniform from space, although sometimes long-term formations appear on it. The wind speed on Saturn can reach 1800 km/h in places, which is much more than on Jupiter. Saturn has a planetary magnetic field, which occupies an intermediate position in the tension between the earth's magnetic field and the powerful field of Jupiter. Saturn's magnetic field extends for 1,000,000 kilometers in the direction of the Sun. The shock wave was recorded by Voyager 1 at a distance of 26.2 radius of Saturn from the planet itself, the magnetopause is located at a distance of 22.9 radius.

Saturn has a prominent system of rings, consisting mostly of ice particles, a smaller amount of heavy elements and dust. Around the planet turns 62 currently known satellite. Titan — the largest of them, as well as the second largest satellite in the Solar system (after the moon Jupiter, Ganymede), which is larger than mercury and has the only among the satellites of the planets of the Solar system dense atmosphere.

Saturn was orbiting Cassini's automatic interplanetary station (AMS), which was launched in 1997 and reached the Saturn system in 2004. The tasks of the AMS were to study the structure of the rings, as well as the dynamics of the atmosphere and magnetosphere of the planet. On September 15, 2017, the station completed its mission, burning in the atmosphere of the planet.

Saturn among the planets of the Solar system
Saturn is a type of gas planet: it is composed primarily of gases and has no solid surface. The Equatorial radius of the planet is 60,300 km, the polar radius 54,400 km; of all the planets in the Solar system, Saturn has the greatest compression. The mass of the planet is 95.2 times the mass of the Earth, but the average density of Saturn is only 0.687 g/cm3, making it the only planet in the Solar system whose average density is less than the density of water. Therefore, although the masses of Jupiter and Saturn differ by more than 3 times, their Equatorial diameter differs only by 19 %. The density of other gas giants is much higher (1.27—1.64 g/cm3). The acceleration of gravity at the equator is 10.44 m/S2, which is comparable to the values of the Earth and Neptune, but much less than that of Jupiter.

Orbital characteristics, and rotation
The average distance between Saturn and the Sun is 1430 million km (9.58 a). (e). Moving at an average speed of 9.69 km/s, Saturn orbits the Sun for 10,759 days (approximately 29.5 years). The distance from Saturn to Earth varies from 1195 (8.0 a). e) up to 1660 (11.1 a. E.) million km, the average distance during their confrontation is about 1280 million km. Saturn and Jupiter are almost in the exact resonance of 2:5. Since the eccentricity of the orbit of Saturn is 0.056, the difference between the distance to the Sun in perihelion and aphelion is 162 million km.

Visible when observing objects characteristic of the atmosphere of Saturn rotate at different speeds depending on latitude. As in the case of Jupiter, there are several groups of such objects. The so-called "Zone 1" has a rotation period of 10 h 14 min 00 s (that is, the angular velocity is 844,3°/day, or 2,345 turns/day). It extends from the Northern edge of the southern Equatorial belt to the southern edge of the Northern Equatorial belt. At all other latitudes of Saturn, constituting the "Zone 2", the period of rotation was initially estimated at 10 h 39 min 24 s (speed 810,76°/day or 2,2521 turns/day). Subsequently, the data were revised: a new estimate was given — 10 hours, 34 minutes and 13 seconds. "Zone 3", the presence of which is assumed on the basis of observations of radio emission of the planet during the flight of Voyager 1, has a rotation period of 10 hours 39 minutes 22.5 s (speed 810.8°/day or 2,2522 turns/day).

As the duration of the rotation of Saturn around the axis taken value of 10 hours, 34 minutes and 13 seconds. Saturn is the only planet whose axial rotation speed at the equator is greater than its orbital rotation speed (9.87 km/s and 9.69 km/s, respectively). The exact value of the period of rotation of the inner parts of the planet remains difficult to measure. When the apparatus Cassini reached Saturn in 2004, it was discovered that according to the observations of the radio emission the duration of the turnover of the internal parts is considerably greater than the period of rotation in the "Zone 1" and "Zone 2" and is approximately 10 h 45 m 45 s (± 36 s).

The differential rotation of Saturn's atmosphere is similar to that of Jupiter, Venus, and the Sun. The rotation speed of Saturn is variable not only in latitude and depth, but also in time. It was first discovered by A. Williams. Analysis of the variability of the rotation period of the Equatorial zone of Saturn for 200 years showed that the main contribution to this change is made by the semi-annual and annual cycles.

In March 2007, it was found that the rotation of the radiation pattern of Saturn was caused by convection currents in the plasma disk, which depend not only on the rotation of the planet, but also on other factors. It was also reported that the oscillation of the rotation period of the radiation pattern is associated with the activity of geysers on the Saturn — Enceladus satellite. Charged particles of water vapor in the orbit of the planet lead to a distortion of the magnetic field and, as a consequence, the picture of radio emission. The discovered picture gave rise to the opinion that today there is no correct method for determining the speed of rotation of the planet's core.

Origin
The origin of Saturn (as well as Jupiter) is explained by two main hypotheses. According to the "contraction" hypothesis, the similarity of the composition of Saturn with the Sun is that both celestial bodies have a large proportion of hydrogen, and, as a consequence, a small density can be explained by the fact that in the process of forming planets in the early stages of the Solar system in the gas-dust disk formed massive "thickening", which gave rise to the planets, that is, the Sun and planets were formed in a similar way. However, this hypothesis cannot explain the differences in the composition of Saturn and the Sun.

The hypothesis of "accretion" States that the process of formation of Saturn occurred in two stages. First, for 200 million years there was a process of formation of solid dense bodies, like the planets of the earth group. During this phase, part of the gas was dissipated from Jupiter and Saturn, which then affected the difference in the chemical composition of Saturn and the Sun. Then began the second stage, when the largest body made up of twice the mass of Earth. The process of accretion of gas to these bodies from the primary protoplanetary cloud lasted for several hundred thousand years. At the second stage, the temperature of the outer layers of Saturn reached 2000 °C.