User:Asiaticus/sandbox/Joaquin Murrieta

The Five Joaquins (1850-1853) were an outlaw gang which the State of California said was led by:


 * "... the five Joaquins, whose names are Joaquin Muriati, Joaquin Ocomorenia, Joaquin Valenzuela, Joaquin Botellier, and Joaquin Carillo, and their banded associates."

Between 1850 and 1853, the gang, joined by Murrieta's right-hand man, Three-Fingered Jack, were reported to have been responsible for most of the horse theft, robberies, and murders committed in the Mother Lode area of the Sierra Nevadas. They are credited with stealing more than $100,000 in gold and over 100 horses, killing at least 19 people, and having outrun three posses and killed three lawmen. The gang is believed to have killed up to 28 Chinese and 13 Whites.

How Many Joaquins?
However, "evidence suggests . . . [he] was not one man, but three, or five, whose exploits were recorded as one." Latta wrote that that was indeed the case, that there were three Joaquin Murrieta's in the gang. First was Joaquin Murrieta himself, the overall leader and head of his own band, another his Spanish born cousin Joaquin Juan Murrieta, with his brother Martin Murrieta headed another band of the gang that also ran a pack train business that carried freight between Stockton and settlements throughout the Southern Mines. This operation was never detected by the authorities, and may have been the source of intelligence that made the gang so successful. The third was Joaquin's elder stepbrother Joaquin Carrillo Murrieta, who wrote the letter encouraging his relatives to come to Alta California. He was an early participant with Joaquin in taking vengeance on those responsible for the lynching of Joaquin's other Carrillo stepbrother Jesus Carrillo, and for the attack on his brother Joaquin and Joaquin's wife Rosa. From that point on he was involved in running the ranch the Murrieta family had in Niles Canyon, where Rosa, Joaquin's wife was taken after the brutal assault on them both.

The three other leaders of bands of the gang were not Murrietas, but their cousins. Two were cousins of the Murrietas, the Valenzuelas and were involved primarily in operating the gangs horse business. One of these was a fourth Joaquin, Joaquin Valenzula, who led the band in charge of operations gathering horses in Alta California with the help of the other bands and tranporting them to his brother Teodoro Valenzuela, who was in charge of getting the horses from Southern California to Sonora and see to their sale. The third remaining band was run by another cousin of the Murrietas and Valenzuelas, Manuel Duarte from El Salado. He was also known among the gang as Tres Dedos, (Three Fingers).

Organization of the Five Joaquins Gang
Latta wrote that Joaquín Murrieta's gang had well organized bands, one led by himself and the rest led by one or two of his Sonoran relatives. Latta documented that the core of these men had first gathered to help Murrieta kill at least six of the Americans who had hanged his stepbrother Jesus Carrillo. The Murrietas would gradually kill all but one, that managed to flee back east.

During eight months of the year, the bands regularly engaged together with rancheros and mesteñeros in the profitable horse trade with Mexico, with stolen horses and legally captured mustangs. The bands drove these horses from as far north as Contra Costa County and from the gold camps of the Sierra's and from the Central Valley via the remote La Vareda del Monte trail through the Diablo Range to their rancho on the Arroyo de Cantua. From the ranch they drove them to a point near the Rancho Cucamonga, where another band of the gang under Teodoro Valenzuela, brother of Joaquin, and cousin of the Murrieta brothers, then drove them south through the deserts to Sonora for sale.

Bands of his gang when not engaged in the horse trade or enjoying themselves with their gains, stole horses and robbed and killed miners or settlers, particularly those returning from the California goldfields, presumably carrying gold. The gang is believed to have killed up to 28 Chinese and 13 Anglo-Americans, however this was only counting those during their rampage in the early months of 1853, before they became hunted by the California Rangers. These were killings that had no surviving witnesses or bodies found, many men just disappeared or were left as unidentified remains.(? Perkins, Webb, papers, others?)

Frank F. Latta's uncle may have been one of their missing victims. Samuel N. Latta disappeared, after writing a letter to his wife and daughters from Robinson's Ferry saying he had sold his gold claim and in a few days was going out to Stockton and San Francisco to take ship for his trip home to Arkansas with $8,000 in gold. He was never heard from again.

This was not an uncommon method of robbery among bandits in early California, the gang of Solomon Pico, Claudio Feliz and Pio Linares were three who all seemed to have a policy of leaving no witnesses and often no bodies behind.

Joaquin Murrieta's Family Tree according to Francisco R. Almada

 * José Manuel Murrieta + Maria Luisa Muñoz [1]

| José Joaquín Albino de Jesús Murrieta [1809-?] + Rosa Hipólito de Carrillo + ? Carrillo |                          |                                               |     +--+                                               |     |                          |                                               | Jesús Carrillo      Joaquin Manuel Carrillo +-+--+---      |                         | Joaquín Murrieta [1830-1853?]

[1] Joaquín Murrieta was born at El Salado Ranch, South of the municipality of Álamos, in the year of 1809. In the parish archive is located a record of a baptismal party where on February 8, 1810 The First Sacrament was taught to a child of Spanish quality, to whom was given the name José Joaquin Albino de Jesus, son of José Manuel Murrieta and Maria Luisa Muñoz "neighbors [vecinos] of this jurisdiction", which indicates that they were not inhabitants of the Real de Los Alamos, but from this rancho, where the salt was found.

Álamos a través de los siglos; May 10, 2019; COMUNIDADES DE ÁLAMOS: TAPIZUELAS

 * COMUNIDADES DE ÁLAMOS: TAPIZUELAS

El primer dueño de Tapizuelas fue don Francisco Álvarez de Aldana hacia 1682, quien en 1692 lo donó a don José de Yberichaga, mismo que el 14 de septiembre de 1696 lo donó a don Tomás De la Thorre y Orrantia. Diecinueve años después, el 5 de enero de 1715, De la Thorre se lo vendió a don Félix De la Barrera, “vecino de este Real de Nuestra Señora de la Concepción de los Álamos, natural de la ciudad de Bruselas, provincia de Brabante”.

Catorce años lo poseyó De la Barrea, cuando en la Villa de Sinaloa el 22 de octubre de 1729, lo vendió al alférez Juan de Huidobro. Éste último lo cedió, el 1 de julio de 1748, a los herederos de Gaspar de Alvarado “caballero de la orden de Santiago”, representados por su hermano el coronel de milicias don Francisco Julián de Alvarado.

El 14 de julio de 1755, las tierras de Tapizuelas fueron tituladas a nombre de Francisco Julián de Alvarado; a su muerte en mayo de 1776, fueron heredadas por sus hijas María Guadalupe y María Luz Alvarado y González de Sayas. Casada María Luz con Antonio Almada, compraron la mitad perteneciente a María Guadalupe, pasando entonces a propiedad de la familia Almada y Alvarado. A la muerte de Antonio Almada en octubre de 1810, Tapizuelas fue heredada por su hijo mayor Antonio.

En posesión de los herederos de Antonio Almada y Alvarado permaneció el lugar hasta noviembre de 1935, cuando los habitantes del poblado solicitaron al gobierno del estado la dotación de tierras ejidales, obteniendo la resolución presidencial el 4 de agosto de 1937.

Imagen: detalle de un plano levantado por orden del “Real y Supremo Consejo de Yndias” en 1772. Archivo General de Indias. El rancho es cruzado por los arroyos de “Babojo o de Monaliqui” y el de “Baciroa”.

--- Poplar communities: Tapizuelas

The first owner of tapizuelas was Don Francisco Alvarez of Aldana to 1682, who in 1692 donated it to Don José de yberichaga, same as on September 14, 1696 he donated it to Don Tomás de la thoré and Orrantia. Nineteen years later, on January 5, 1715, the thoré sold it to don félix of the barrier, " neighbor of this real of our lady of the conception of Los Alamos, natural of the city of Brussels, Province of brabant ".

Fourteen years possessed him of the barrea, when in the villa of sinaloa on October 22, 1729, he sold it to Ensign Juan de huidobro. The latter ceded it, on July 1, 1748, to the heirs of Gaspar De Alvarado "Knight of the order of Santiago", represented by his brother the colonel of militias Don Francisco Julian De Alvarado.

On July 14, 1755, the lands of Tapizuelas were titled in the name of Francisco Julian De Alvarado; at his death in may 1776, they were inherited by his daughters Maria Guadalupe and Maria Luz Alvarado and gonzález de sayas. Married Maria Luz with Antonio Almada, bought the half belonging to Maria Guadalupe, then going to the property of the family almada and Alvarado. To the death of Antonio Almada in October 1810, tapizuelas was inherited by his eldest son Antonio.

In possession of the heirs of Antonio Almada and alvarado remained the place until November 1935, when the inhabitants of the village requested the government of the state the endowment of ejido lands, obtaining the presidential resolution on August 4, 1937.

Image: detail of a plane raised by order of the "real and Supreme Council of yndias" in 1772. General Archive of India. The Ranch is crossed by the streams of " Babojo or of " and the " baciroa ".

Álamos a través de los siglos, August 23, 2018, COMUNIDADES DE ÁLAMOS: TAPIZUELAS
Álamos a través de los siglos August 23, 2018 · COMUNIDADES DE ÁLAMOS: TAPIZUELAS

El dato más antiguo que se tiene del entonces puesto de Tapizuelas es del 14 de julio de 1755, cuando fueron tituladas alrededor de 6,400 hectáreas a nombre del español Francisco Julián de Alvarado, coronel de milicias del Real de los Álamos. Por entonces Tapizuelas no solamente producía productos agrícolas, sino que contaba con una extensa cantidad de cabezas de ganado vacuno y equino; así como también se procesaba la plata extraída en las minas cercanas. Como vemos, tenía la función de hacienda agropecuaria, pero también de hacienda de beneficio de metales. Muerto Alvarado en mayo de 1776, Tapizuelas fue heredada por sus hijas María Guadalupe y María Luz Alvarado y González de Sayas. Según cuenta Albert Stagg, a la llegada del obispo Antonio de los Reyes en mayo de 1783, don Bartolomé Salido de Exodar fue a encontrarlo a Tapizuelas donde pernoctaron para continuar con destino a Álamos al día siguiente.

Con el obispo De los Reyes llegó su sobrino Antonio Almada y Reyes quien contrajo matrimonio con María de la Luz, poco después compraron la otra mitad de la hacienda a María Guadalupe y así Tapizuelas pasó a poder de la familia Almada. Posteriormente, a la muerte de Antonio Almada en octubre de 1810, la hacienda quedó en propiedad de su hijo mayor, Antonio Almada y Alvarado, nieto del coronel Francisco Julián, el dueño original. Él hizo crecer y mejorar la producción de la hacienda, sembrando -además de maíz, frijol y calabaza- caña de azúcar para ser procesada en trapiche. A la muerte de Antonio Almada en abril de 1846 la hacienda fue heredada por algunos de los hijos de éste. Para entonces ya había sido saqueada en 1843 por los indios mayos alzados, quienes le quemaron más de 500 hectáreas de caña y destrozaron un trapiche nuevo a Procopio Almada Zavala y mataron a su hermano Gerónimo, habiéndole infringido varias torturas entre ellas arrancarle la piel de la barba estando aún vivo; ambos eran hijos de Antonio.

Un evento de relativa importancia que ocurrió en la hacienda fue la llegada, el 21 de septiembre de 1865, del general Antonio Rosales a Tapizuelas donde se encontró con el comandante imperialista Severiano Flores, habiendo tenido una pequeña batalla de la cual se retiró Flores. Posteriormente, Rosales continuó a Álamos, donde el 24 de ese mismo mes perdió la vida combatiendo contra las fuerzas imperialistas del Chato Almada. Ya en el porfiriato, hacia 1895, Tapizuelas, que seguía perteneciendo a los herederos de Antonio Almada y Alvarado, fue una de las poblaciones que contó con escuela rural mixta, desde entonces los planteles escolares han estado presentes en la localidad.

En noviembre de 1935, los habitantes del poblado solicitaron al gobierno del estado la dotación de tierras ejidales, obteniendo la resolución presidencial el 4 de agosto de 1937, dotándoseles de 2,271 hectáreas. Por entonces Tapizuelas tenía alrededor de 20 condueños, todos ellos Almada, no obstante las hectáreas afectadas eran propiedad de Othón Almada. El número de ejidatarios beneficiados fueron 77, teniendo entonces una población de 271 habitantes reunidos en 53 familias.

Tapizuelas, que tiene categoría de comisaría desde la década de 1920, se localiza a 50 kilómetros al sur de la ciudad de Álamos, y es la décima localidad más habitada del municipio ya que según los datos del Censo de Población y Vivienda realizado en 2010 tiene un total de 295 pobladores. Según ese mismo censo, la comunidad tiene 103 viviendas, de las cuales el 90% cuenta con electricidad y el 93% con agua entubada. En el rubro educativo el poblado cuenta con kínder, primaria y telesecundaria. Tiene además una pequeña plaza pública, cementerio, casa ejidal y capilla. Las principales actividades económicas de la población son las agropecuarias ya que el poblado se localiza a las márgenes del río Cuchujaqui.

El personaje ilustre de la localidad es el profesor Othón Almada, quien nació en Tapizuelas en el año de 1889. Fue director de la escuela “Bartolomé M. Salido” en Álamos y de la “Talamente” en Navojoa. En noviembre de 1937 lo nombraron director general de la Educación Pública de Sonora, puesto en el que lo sorprendió la muerte en junio de 1938. En su honor, una escuela secundaria de Navojoa lleva su nombre.

Juan Carlos Holguín Balderrama Cronista municipal Poplar communities: Tapizuelas

The oldest fact that has the then post of tapizuelas is from July 14, 1755, when they were titled around 6,400 hectares in the name of Spanish Francisco Julian De Alvarado, Colonel of militias of the real los alamos. By then tapizuelas not only produced agricultural products, but had an extensive amount of heads of cattle and equine, as well as the silver extracted in the nearby mines. As we see, it had the function of agricultural hacienda, but also from the hacienda for the benefit of metals. Alvarado Alvarado in may 1776, tapizuelas was inherited by his daughters Maria Guadalupe and Maria Luz Alvarado and gonzález de sayas. According to Albert Stagg, on the arrival of Bishop Antonio De Los Reyes in may 1783, Don Bartolomé out of exodar went to find him to tapizuelas where they were able to continue with destination to alamos the next day.

With The Bishop of the kings arrived his nephew Antonio Almada and Reyes who married Mary of the light, shortly after they bought the other half of the hacienda to Maria Guadalupe and so tapizuelas went to the power of the family almada. Subsequently, to the death of Antonio Almada in October 1810, the hacienda was owned by his oldest son, Antonio Almada and Alvarado, grandson of Colonel Francisco Julian, the original owner. He made it grow and improve the production of the hacienda, sowing-in addition to corn, bean and pumpkin-Sugar Cane to be processed in trapiche. To the death of Antonio Almada in April 1846 the hacienda was inherited by some of the children of this one. By then he had already been sacked in 1843 by the Indians Indians Indians, who burned him more than 500 hectares of cane and destroyed a new trapiche to procopius almada zavala and killed his brother Geronimo, having infringed several torture among them The skin of the beard being still alive; both were children of Antonio.

An event of relative importance that happened at the hacienda was the arrival, on September 21, 1865, of General Antonio Rosales to tapizuelas where he met the imperialist commander Severiano Flores, having had a small battle of which He withdrew flowers. Subsequently, Rosales continued to alamos, where the 24 of that same month lost his life fighting against the imperialist forces of chato almada. Already in the porfiriato, towards 1895, tapizuelas, which continued to belong to the heirs of Antonio Almada and Alvarado, was one of the populations that had mixed rural school, since then school schools have been present in the town.

In November 1935, the inhabitants of the village requested the government of the state the endowment of ejido lands, obtaining the presidential resolution on August 4, 1937, giving them 2,271 hectares. By then tapizuelas had about 20 condueños, all of them almada, however the hectares affected were owned by othón almada. The number of beneficiaries benefited were 77, having then a population of 271 inhabitants gathered in 53 families.

Tapizuelas, which has a station category since the 1920 s, is located 50 kilometers south of the city of alamos, and is the tenth most inhabited town in the municipality as according to data from the population and housing census Made in 2010 it has a total of 295 settlers. According to the same census, the community has 103 homes, of which 90 % has electricity and 93 % with water. In the educational field the village has kindergarten, primary and telesecundaria. It also has a small public square, cemetery, casa ejido and chapel. The main economic activities of the population are the farming as the village is located at the margins of the river river.

The Illustrious character of the town is professor othón almada, who was born in tapizuelas in the year of 1889. He was director of the school " bartolomé m. Out " in alamos and the " Talamente " in navojoa. In November 1937 he was named director general of the public education of Sonora, post in which he was surprised by death in June 1938. in his honor, a high school of navojoa bears his name.

Juan Carlos Holguín Balderrama Municipal Chronicler

== [https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DAC18530823.2.11&e=---en--20-DAC-1-byDA-txt-txIN-bandits---1 Daily Alta California, Volume 4, Number 223, 23 August 1853, The Los Angeles Fruit Crops—The Head of Joaquin Muriatta not taken—A strange story! p.2, col.3] ==

The Los Angeles Fruit Crops—The Head of Joaquin Muriatta not taken—A strange story! Los Angeles, August 18, 1853.
 * It affords some amusement to our citizens, the reading of the various accounts of the capture and decapitation of the "notorious Joaquin Murieta." The humbug is so transparent that it is surprising any sensible person can be imposed upon by the various statements of the affair which have appeared in the prints. The very act of the Legislature authorizing the raising of a company "to capture the five Joaquins, to wit. Joaquin Carrillo, Joaquin Murieta. Joaquin Valenzuela," etc. etc. was in itself a farce, and these names were inserted in order to kill the bill. Does a Legislature soberly and seriously outlaw five men, without previous conviction, and whose names not one member in ten had ever even heard mentioned? Joaquin Murieta is undoubtedly a very great scoundrel, though the old saying that the "devil is not so black as he is painted," will apply to him as well as to the gentleman below. At the time of the murder of General Bean, at the Mission San Gabriel, Joaquin Murieta was strongly suspected of the crime, and efforts were made to arrest him, but he managed to escape; and since then every murder and robbery in the country has been attributed to Joaquin. Sometime it is Joaquin Carrillo that has committed all these crimes; then it is Joaquin Murieta, and then Joaquin something else; but always Joaquin; and until now that name strikes such terror that several respectable citizens of this county, who have the misfortune to bear that terrible name are meditating a change by act of Legislature. The very gentlemanly judge of the second judicial district, is Joaquin Carrillo, and the boys cry after him in the street "there goes Joaquin." Pleasant, is it?
 * A few weeks ago a party of native Californians and Sonorians started for the Tulare Valley, for the express and avowed purpose of running mustangs. Three of the party have since returned, and report that they were attacked by a party of Americans, and that the balance of their party, four in number, bad been killed; that Joaquin Valenzuela, one of them, was killed as he was endeavoring to escape, and that his head was cut off by his captors as a trophy. It is too well known that Joaquin Murieta is not the person killed by Capt. Harry Loves company at the Ranche pass. The head recently exhibited in Stockton bears no resemblance to that individual and this is positively asserted by those who have seen the real Murieta and the spurious head. All the accounts wind up by recommending the continuance of Love's company in service. All right. The term of service was about expiring, and although I will not say that interested parties have gotten up this Joaquin expedition yet such expeditions can generally be traced to have an origin with a few speculators.
 * A few weeks ago a party of native Californians and Sonorians started for the Tulare Valley, for the express and avowed purpose of running mustangs. Three of the party have since returned, and report that they were attacked by a party of Americans, and that the balance of their party, four in number, bad been killed; that Joaquin Valenzuela, one of them, was killed as he was endeavoring to escape, and that his head was cut off by his captors as a trophy. It is too well known that Joaquin Murieta is not the person killed by Capt. Harry Loves company at the Ranche pass. The head recently exhibited in Stockton bears no resemblance to that individual and this is positively asserted by those who have seen the real Murieta and the spurious head. All the accounts wind up by recommending the continuance of Love's company in service. All right. The term of service was about expiring, and although I will not say that interested parties have gotten up this Joaquin expedition yet such expeditions can generally be traced to have an origin with a few speculators.

"A few weeks ago a party of native Californians and Sonorans started for the Tulare Valley, for the express and avowed purpose of running mustangs. Three of the party have since returned, and report that they were attacked by a party of Americans, and that the balance of their party, four in number, had been killed; that Joaquin Valenzuela, one of them, was killed as he was endeavoring to escape and that his head was cut off by his captors as a trophy. It is too well known that Joaquin Murietta is not the person killed by Capt. Harry Love's company ... the head recently exhibited in Stockton bears no resemblance to that individual and this is positively asserted by those who have seen the real Murietta and the spurious head."