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Fluid Intelligence
Fluid intelligence is described as the capacity to think abstractly, recognize patterns, reason, resolve problems, and identify relationships without relying on acquired knowledge. It entails one’s capacity to make judgments and deal with complicated situations around us. Fluid intelligence combines both deductive and inductive reasoning. This concept was initially developed by Raymond Cattell, and it was further advanced by his student John Horn. Raymond conceived that fluid intelligence is not influenced by edification rather it depends on one’s intrinsic capacity. Fluid intelligence is essential in our daily life. For instance, one relies on fluid intelligence in the event of applying logic to solve problems for academic examinations that require this specific skill i.e. in scientific, mathematical and technical problem solving. Numerous researches have depicted that fluid intelligence tend to intensify throughout childhood and adolescence and start to decrease with age and lack of practice. However, some researchers oppose this believe by stating that there exist no correlation between age and fluid intelligence.

Development of Fluid Intelligence
Since fluid intelligence depends on how powerful the innate abilities of an individual such as the functioning of the nervous system and sensory structures are, it is therefore, true to say fluid intelligence cannot be taught. However, a person can develop and increase his or her fluid intelligence by practicing Metacognition which is also called “thinking about thinking.” This is one way of training the working memory which has a substantial influence on a person’s fluid intelligence. It is, however, important to acknowledge that grow of fluid intelligence does not happen overnight. It takes a deliberate move for one to gradually develop fluid intelligence. The higher the frequency of training the more one gains the capacity to apply logic and reasoning. For instance, one needs to come up with numerous ways of analyzing or evaluating a situation rather than rely on one solution.

Measurement of Fluid Intelligence
There are numerous methods used to measure fluid intelligence including the raven progressive matrices, aptitude test, task analysis, Jenkins test and the Belgian Shapes test. Raven progressive matrices - this method has been used in numerous nation state for several years to evaluate the reasoning and problem-solving ability. It is a key global non-verbal measure of intelligence, that assist in identifying people with high reasoning capacities and who can manage complex problems. In the raven progressive matrices, one is asked to identify the omitted pattern in a sequence. Each set of items became gradually harder and thus higher cognitive capacity is required to encode. Secondly, the task analysis is an effective method of measuring fluid intelligence. This method entails testing the respondent’s capacity to solve problems that have wrong and right answers. This is similar to an aptitude test which measures how quickly and correctly one can finish a given test. That is why aptitude tests are always timed and there is only one correct answer out of all the choices provided. Another method of measuring fluid test is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) which measures both verbal and performance capacities of an adult. Wechsler-Bellevue tests came in the  1930s and introduced (1) gathering tasks shaped for nonclinical purposes for administration as a "clinical test battery", (2) point scale concept rather than age scale (3) incorporated a non-verbal performance scale. WAIS-III was released in 1997, before this was WAIS-R which was released in 1981. WAIS-III went step further and allowed measurements for Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Full Scale IQ, with an additional four secondary indices (Verbal Comprehension, Working Memory, Perceptual Organization, and Processing Speed). WAIS-IV is the recent up to date edition of WAIS testing, released in 2008. The verbal and performance subscales have been taken away from what was part of the previous version and subsequently replaced by the index scores.

Crystallized Intelligence
Crystallized intelligence is the collective intelligence of his/her culture. Crystallized intelligence is a function of experience and aging throughout life and tend to increase through development and independent of fluid intelligence.

Development of Crystallized Intelligence
Crystallized intelligence is different from fluid intelligence in that it can be nurtured. According to Dang et al., crystallized intelligence is the concept of knowledge and skills which are cultured. It includes, reading ability, arithmetic ability, and verbal ability. These are just a few examples of abilities comprise the crystallized intelligence. Most of these abilities are as a result of the education, acculturation, and experience of an individual (McArdle et al. . This means an environment where an individual lives, plays some roles in determining his or her crystallized intelligence. According to early research like Horn & Cattell’s, crystallized intelligence is higher in older adults (29-61 years old) compared to younger adults (21-28 years old). This further proves that as we gain more experiences as we age, our knowledge broaden which in turn, can be translated to crystallized intelligence.

Measurement of Crystallized Intelligence
Since crystallized intelligence is the type of knowledge and skills acquired through experience, it can be easily measured directly compared with fluid intelligence which somewhat requires more indirect measurement. Any test that measures individual’s reading, verbal, arithmetic knowledge can be a measure to individual’s crystallized intelligence but of course it limited to the compatibility of the culture from where the test is derived from, with the individual’s culture. A few of the examples which can measure crystallized intelligence are Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale  , Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children    , Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale     and, Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children. Reader should note that not every part of the intelligence test meant to measure crystallized intelligence. There are, of course other abilities being measured by the intelligence tests. However, it seem that fluid intelligence somehow more popular compared with crystallized intelligence. Perhaps because, according to Dang et al. (2012), fluid intelligence is applicable in effortful reasoning such as induction, inference, synthesis or abstraction. This means fluid intelligence is more applicable in broader situation.

Factors Analysis of IQ, The Origins of Gc and Gf
In fact, Gc and Gf is a relatively mature intelligence factor analysis theory(Factor analysis is a way to find the result. Here "factor analysis" means analysis of components of IQ, or it could be trade as the different factors influence on Intelligence). Except of Gc and Gf, there are two famous intelligence factor analysis, and both of them are the theoretical basis of Gc and Gf.

1. Spearman's two-factor theory of intelligence

Spearman was first applied factor analysis in the field of intelligence, and create a great influence on later generations. He found that school marks and students' assessment are highly relevant to individual intelligence. So he claimed that there exist a general intelligence factor(G factor), which is the basis of all intelligence operations. On the other hand, the factors associated with the particular intelligence could be named special factor(S factor). In this view, people who complete any kind of tasks are jointly determined by G factor and S factor. For example, a person has completed arithmetic reasoning tests job is achieved by G+Sa, and to complete speech test task is by G+Sb. So general factor is the common basis of all intelligence activities, although all people have this kind of intelligence, but everyone has different level. Special factors are relevant to an individual intelligence applied into achieve particular jobs.

G factors and S factors are distinct and interrelated at the same time, and under the certain conditions they can be transformed into each other(e.g. During the unconscious learning process, attention could be traded as spatial factor of intelligence. But in normal study process, attention is a general factor to intelligence, thus affecting the efficiency of learning). 2. Thurstone's group-factor theory of intelligence

After Spearman, many researchers in the intelligence test application of factor analysis, but some of them reached different results. After an experiment of 56 test groups reflect to 218 university students, Thurston calculate that the intelligence consists of seven factors obtained by factor analysis. Accordingly, he believes that the intellectual connotation does not matter in the points of general intelligence and special intelligence, but combination of some independent primary mental abilities. Therefore, Thurston's intelligence theory is called group factor theory of intelligence.

His seven primary mental abilities: (1) Comprehension of Word: the ability of understand the meaning of word. (2) Application of Word: the ability to spell word correctly and quickly, the ability to associate the word meaning to other words. (3) Computing Power: the ability to solve mathematical problems quickly and accurately. (4) Memory Capacity: ability to force remember things. (5) Spatial perception: the ability to using of perceptual experience to correctly determine the spatial direction and various relationships. (6) Perceptual speed: the ability to quickly identify and observation (7) Reasoning ability: the ability to extrapolate based on the known conditions

Interestingly, group-factor theory from another angle to prove that there is some correlations between those factors. Such as people with high level ability of word comprehension is usually own good capacity of word application. So after subdivide factor analysis, someone suggest that there are two main factors(Crystallized Intelligence and Fluid Intelligence) and three subprime factors(visual power, memory fetching and executive speed). To summarize, factor analysis of human intelligence shows the history and origin of Gc and Gf intelligence.

The Relationships Between Gf (Fluid Intelligence) and Gc (Crystallized Intelligence)
According to Mackintosh, for people to comprehend Intelligent Quality (IQ), it named Fluid-Intelligence(Gf) and Crystallized-Intelligence(Gc) to stand for two general(G) forms of Intelligence: Gf emphasize the congenital factor of intelligence, and Gc explains the intelligence improvement by acquired learning knowledge. So comparing Gc, Gf significantly influenced by time and human age. With the analysis of intelligence factor, Cattell and Horn argues that both Gf and Gc are important factors to mark the quality of intelligence.

The division of these two factors are from their differences in mental function. Gf is the ability exist after born and be able to carry out intelligence activities in whole life, analyses of reasoning and problem solving and problem-solving abilities, it relies on the innate endowments (Evans et al and Garnham and Oakhill . On the contrary, Gc is a improvement acquired ability growing through individual fluid intelligence by learning language and experience to development, and it was measured .by vocabulary learning ability and speed of lexical access.

Gc is the product of Gf. If two people have same life experience, and one has stronger Gf, then he could acquire more powerful Gc. However, a man with high fluid intelligence but living in poor intellectual environment, his Gc will be flat or even low.

In human capabilities, Gf play a decisive role of these three capacity: Visuo-reflection capacity (speed and accuracy of dispersing image's integration), Memory Span (to reproduce some numbers and letters) and Induction (to infer interrelation). Gc is the most significant factor of these two capacities: Experience Evaluation (problem solving around etiquette and diplomatic technique means necessary, such as in the test of social relations) and Comprehension of Word (In-depth understanding of the language, such as vocabulary and reading tests). In addition, both Gf and Gc combined the effects to these four intelligence factors: General Reasoning (solve area, ratio and financial as well as similar such problems in arithmetic reasoning test), Semantic Dependency (infer the correlation between the words, as in the analog test), Formal Reasoning (concluded with a form of reasoning, such as syllogistic reasoning) and Digital Agility (quickly and accurately using arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction multiplication).

In conclusion, Gc and Gf have many differences in functions and effects of IQ. Because their different causes, congenital and acquired factors.

Improving Fluid Intelligence and Crystallized Intelligence
Over the ages scientists have explained the level of intelligence based on different criteria. Some of them explained it according to the level of education, while some others relate it to the job position that been achieved. Other scientists went with the measurement of wealth or the ability to create relationship with different people. However, despite the intelligence measurement method, is it possible to improve the level of the intelligence?

Fortunately, it is possible to improve the intelligence level for different people, which already had been proved by many studies and surveys. Below are two studies in which it had been proved that there is an ability to improve the "Fluid Intelligence" "crystallized Intelligence.

According to Jaeggi et al, 2008 .In his study, “Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory “. The fluid intelligence (GF) has closely linked with success in science and learning. As it is one of the most learning factors; though, it is possible to improve the performance of the examinee if it is been repeated several times. Results of this study confirmed that all four groups had improved their working memories, which indirectly improved fluid in intelligence. Moreover, the study showed an improvement in the trained groups' results of GF test. Specifically, all the groups who have achieved the average level in the beginning, they have been got increase of the performance by repeating the test. Also, the study mentioned that the level of performance improvement depends on the participants varying abilities. It can conclude with that the fluid intelligence is improved indirectly by improving working memory. In addition, the test resulted to in improvement in the observers working memory, too, due to their attention during the test observation.

According to Stankov, Lazar, (1988) ; this concerned the aging, attention, and intelligence of the people. The experiment had been conducted on a group of 100 people with age’s variation between 20 and 70 years. One of the experiment results that had been observed was that the attention of the people is considered as a branched part of the intelligence. In addition, the study shows that the changes in fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence, which are associated with age growth, are dependent of variation of the people's attention, which explains the individual differences between people. Moreover, it was proved that there is no decline in the attention with age. Finally, the study indicates that there are three main factors that help to increase the attention, that are namely research, focus and focus at the primary stage which positively affect to increase the crystallized intelligence. It is worth mentioning that search is the more effective factor to improve the crystallized intelligence. In summary, the aging is not the cause of the attention drop; also, there are three factors affect the attention improvement, which are search, focus and focus at primary stage.