User:Assawyer/Pickering v. Board of Education

Pickering v. Board of Education, 391 U.S. 563 (1968), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that in the absece of proof of the teacher knowingly or recklessly making false statements the teacher had a right to speak on issues of public importance without being dismissed from his position. The case was later distinguished by Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. ___ (2006), where the Court held that statements by public employees were made pursuant their employment have no First Amendment protection.

Pickering involved a Township High School teacher who was dissmissed after writing a letter to a local newspaper which criticised how the Illinois Board of Education and the district superintendent had handled past proposals to raise new revenue for the schools. The claim that his writing the letter was protected by the First and Fourteenth Amendments was rejected by the Board of Education. He appealled the Board's action to the Circuit Court of Will County and then to the Supreme Court of Illinois, which both affirmed his dismissal. The Supreme Court of the United States agreed the teacher's First Amendment right to free speech were violated and reversed the decision of the Illinois Supreme Court.

Letter writing
In February 1961 the Township Board of Education asked the voters of Township High School District 205 to approve a bond issue to raise $4,875,000 to erect two new schools, which was was defeated. In December 1961, the Board again submitted a bond proposal to the voters for $5,500,000 to build two new schools, which passed and the two schools were built with the money. In May 1964, the Board proposed and submitted to the voters an increase in the tax rate for educational purposes, which was defeated. On September 19, 1964, a second proposal to increase the tax rate was submitted by the Board, and was similarly defeated.

Prior to the vote on the September 1964 tax increase proposal, various newspaper articles appeared in the local paper which were attributed to the District 205 Teachers' Organization. Those articles urged passage of the proposal and stated that failure to pass the increase would result in a decline in the quality of education afforded children in the district's schools. Also, a letter making the same point from the superintendent of schools was published in the paper two days before the election, and copies of the letter were given to the voters the following day.

After the proposal failed, Marvin L. Pickering, appellant and a teacher in the District, wrote a letter to the editor in response to the material from the Teachers' Organization and the superintendant. The letter was an attack on the Board's handling of the 1961 bond proposals and its subsequent allocation of financial resources between the schools' educational and athletic programs. It also charged the superintendent of schools with trying to prevent teachers from speaking out against the proposed bond issue.

Dismissal by the Board of Education
Pickering was dismissed by the Board for writing and publishing the letter. Under Illinois law, the Board was then required to hold a hearing on the dismissal where it stated that numerous statements in the letter were false and that the publication of the statements: "'unjustifiably impugned the 'motives, honesty, integrity, truthfulness, responsibility and competence' of both the Board and the school administration. The Board also charged that the false statements damaged the professional reputations of its members and of the school administrators, would be disruptive of faculty discipline, and would tend to foment 'controversy, conflict and dissension' among teachers, administrators, the Board of Education, and the residents of the district.'" A variety of witnesses on the truth or falsity of the particular statements in the letter with which the Board took issue. The Board found the statements to be false as charged. However, the Board made no futher findings or introduced evidence that went beyond the falsity of Pickering's statements.

Illinois courts' decisions
Pickering appealed to the Circuit Court of Will County, Illinois and to the Supreme Court of Illinois. Both courts reviewed the Board's decision to discover whether the Board's findings were supported by substantial evidence, and on the facts as found the Board could have reasonably concluded that appellant's publication of the letter was "detrimental to the best interests of the schools." They concluded that the

Pickering's First Amendment assertion that the letter was protected speech was rejected. It was found that his acceptance of a public school teaching position required him to refrain from making statements about the operation of the schools "which in the absence of such position he would have an undoubted right to engage in."

External link

 * 391 U.S. 563 Full text of the opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com.

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Category:1968 in law Category:United States Supreme Court cases