User:Astoria522/sandbox

Texting While Driving (Assignment 3)

 * The leading part is kind of too long and specific including some exact datas which also show in the section of "Research". The repeated information makes it little confused to me.


 * For the section "Laws by location", it's quite clear through listing the laws by countries. But obviously, compared to other countries, the part of the U.S. is super detailed with lots of information. It's not balanced. It may looks better if set a subsection of the laws of the U.S. in different states, as what it shows currently, and another subsection of the laws of other countries made in a form.


 * Some of the links of the reference are not available such like #1 and #2.

Citation Practice (Assignment 4)
The term "women's cinema" has two layers of meaning. First, it means the films made by women. In the second way, "women's cinema" refers to the films designed to target at women audiences.

Article Options (Assignment 4)

 * Feminism in Culture


 * Women's Cinema


 * WikiProject Film --- Chinese cinema (I would like to create some missing articles and expand some stubs of Chinese films.)


 * Chinese cuisine


 * Shandong cuisine

Article to Work On (Assignment 5)
Media Regulation

Annotated Bibliography (Assignment 6)

 * Löwstedt, A, & Al-Wahid, S 2013, 'Cultural diversity and the global regulation of new media technologies', International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 195-200. Available from: 10.1386/macp.9.2.195_3. [2 March 2015]
 * Media outlets are important for national security and social stability, so the authority need to issue diverse media laws centering at anti-monopoly and anti-oligopoly with democratic legitimacy. The global regulation of new media technologies is to ensure the cultural diversity in media content, and provide a free space of public access and various opinions and ideas without censorship. Also, the regulation protects the independence of media ownership from dominance of powerful financial corporations, and preserves the media from commercial and political hegemony.


 * Sjøvaag, H 2014, 'THE PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION AND THE ASSUMPTION OF MEDIA EFFECTS', Journal of Media Business Studies (Journal of Media Business Studies), vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 5-20.
 * This article is about policies of regulations on Norwegian media and media ownership. It firstly provides the historical context about the media system and the steps of regulation policies in Norway. The related policies and legislations mean to ensure the balance between positive and negative effects of freedom of expressions and between government and market. Regulation sets responsibilities for media to ensure the freedom. Under the assumption of media effects that the media played a central role in the democracy system, the policy makers fear that the media concentration would become powerful enough to threaten the democracy society. This is the motivation of the media regulation.


 * Taofu, Z 2011, '"Deinsertion" And "Withdrawal"--The First Exploration of China's Regulation and Systematization of Internet. (English)', China Media Report Overseas, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1-6.
 * In the old time before internet age, media had little space to run and its effect over the society was extremely limited. The authority had absolute power while the society had little. This unbalanced relationship had been stable and hard to break until the emergency of internet. Chinese government’s attitude about internet is to regulate it after developing it. But the rapidity of the development and the uncertainty it brought was out of the expectation. Government regulates the internet by several ways such like legislation, administrative management, and technological control. There is also many social issues and problems under the regulation of internet. For example, it arouses dissatisfaction with the limited freedom and causes public complaints and radical opinions about the strict regulation. People also use VPN to get access to websites blocked by government like Facebook and Youtube.


 * Gilroy, AA 2013, 'TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND MEDIA CONVERGENCE: SELECTED ISSUES FOR CONSIDERATION', Journal of Current Issues in Media & Telecommunications, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 289-301.
 * This report introduces several particular issues on telecommunication and media convergence, including the broadband deployment and access, broadcast ownership and rules released by FCC, corporations for public broadcasting, FCC's reconstruction, and so on.
 * (It is an overview about these historical issues and policies, with not too much to be summarized. I just list it here in case if I need some reference about the U.S. historical context and regulation issues by FCC and Congress. )

Starter Article
Regulation is the control or guidance, by established rules and procedures, applied by governments and other political and administrative authorities to all kinds of media activities. The intervention in ongoing activities is used to achieve various of goals of regulation such like stated "public interest", needs of the market competition, and technical efficiency. The target of regulation includes books, press, magazines, radios, television, musics, films, and internet etc.

Principle Foundations of Media Regulation

 * Balance between positive and negative defined liberties.
 * The negative defined liberties, legislating the role of media institutions in society and securing their freedom of expression, publication, private ownership, commerce, and enterprise, must be balanced by legislation ensuring the positive freedom of citizens of their access to information.


 * Balance between state and market.
 * Media is at a position between the commerce and democracy.

These require the balance between rights and obligations. To maintain the contractual balance, society expects the media to take their privilege responsibly. Besides, market forces failed to guarantee the wide range of public opinions and free expression. Intend to the expectation and ensurance, regulation over the media formalized.

In Norway
The media systems in Scandinavian countries are twin-duopolistic with powerful public service broadcasting and periodic strong government intervention. Hallin and Mancini introduced the Norwegian media system as Democratic Corporatist. Newspaper started early and developed very well without state regulation until the 1960s. The rising of advertising industry helped the most powerful newspapers grow increasingly, while the little publications were struggling at the bottom of the market. This failure of market impressed government that the diversity in newspaper industry was limited and the freedom of voice through newspaper was threatened. In 1969, Norwegian government started to provide press subsidies to small local newspapers. But this method was not able to solve the problem completely. In 1997, compelled by the concern of the media ownership concentration, Norwegian legislators passed the Media Ownership Act entrusting the Norwegian Media Authority the power to interfere the media cases when the press freedom and media plurality was threatened. The Act was amended in 2005 and 2006 and revised in 2013.

The basic foundation of Norwegian regulation of the media sector is to ensure freedom of speech, structural pluralism, national language and culture and the protection of children from harmful media content. (Krumsvid, 2001, Syvertsen, 2004) Relative regulatory incentives includes the Media Ownership Lawm the Broadcasting Act, and the Editorial Independence Act. A fundamental premise of all Norwegian media regulation is that news media serve as an oppositional force to power (NOU, 1988:36). The condition for news media to achieve this role is the peaceful environment of diversity of editorial ownership and free speech. Real content diversity can only be attained by a pluralistically owned and independent editorial media whose production is founded on the principles of journalistic professionalism (White Paper 57 2000-2001). To ensure this diversity, Norwegian government regulates the framework conditions of the media and primarily focuses the regulation on pluralistic ownership.


 * Krumsvik, A. H. (2011). Medienes privilegier – en innføring i mediepolitikk [Media Privilages: An Introduction to Media Politics]. Fredrikstad: IJ Forlaget.
 * Syvertsen, T. (2004). Eierskapstilsynet – en studie av medieregulering i praksis [Ownership oversight: A study of media regulation in practice]. In H. Bruun, K. Frandsen, & O. Jauert (Eds.) Forskning i mediepolitik – mediepolitisk forskning [Research on media policy: Political media research] (119-144). Denmark: Modtryk.
 * Sjøvaag, H 2014, 'THE PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION AND THE ASSUMPTION OF MEDIA EFFECTS', Journal of Media Business Studies (Journal of Media Business Studies), vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 5-20.
 * NOU: Official Norwegian Reports

In China
At the early period of the modern history of China, the relationship between government and society was extremely unbalanced. Government had power over the society everywhere and media was affiliated to government, therefore the social function of media was highly political.

The economic reform decreased the governing function of media and created a tendency for mass media to stand for the society but not only authority. The previous unbalanced structure between powered government and weak society was loosed by the policy in some level, but not truly changed until the emergence of Internet. At the first the regulator did not regard Internet as a category of mass media but a technique of business. Underestimate of the communicating function of Internet caused the neglect in regulation. Since then Internet deeply changed the communication method and media structure in and overthrown the pattern of public voice expression in China.

Regulator would not always let Internet out of control. Recent years, the strategy over Internet has been regulating while developing.

The internet regulation in China generally formed by:


 * Legislation
 * China is the one who owns the greatest amount of legislations in the world. According to statistics, up to October 2008, 14 different departments such as the NPC of China, the Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China, and the State Council Information Office, had been published more than 60 laws related to internet regulation.


 * Administration
 * Internet regulation departments in China have respective distribution of work. Ministry of Industry and Information Technology is responsible for the development and regulation of the industry, Ministry of Public Security regulates security and fights crimes, and the Propaganda Deparment leads the system where departments of culture, broadcasting, journalism, education, etc. regulates the information contents.
 * 温云超（2009） “我们的意志是乐观的”：中国另类传播的升级就在夹杀中. 新闻学研究（台北）No.99 241-264


 * Technical control
 * The Internet regulation departments restrain the wrongful expression and behaviors by techniques such like blocking information negative to social stable and carrying out real name system through Internet.


 * Agenda control
 * It requires communicators to set up the relationship between expected information targets and the real targets, guide the direction of information to reach the expectation.


 * Structure adjustment
 * Traditional media affiliated into government strives to develop Internet with relatively flexible administrating system to increase the communicating power of mainstream media of authority to compete with social communication.


 * Training
 * Regulator delivers the expectation of Internet environment to the population through training and educating to intense people’s conscious about behavior norms.

Criticism
Anthony Lowstedt and Sulaiman Al-Wahid suggested that the authority need to issue diverse media laws centering at anti-monopoly and anti-oligopoly with democratic legitimacy since media outlets are important for national security and social stability. The global regulation of new media technologies is to ensure the cultural diversity in media content, and provide a free space of public access and various opinions and ideas without censorship. Also, the regulation protects the independence of media ownership from dominance of powerful financial corporations, and preserves the media from commercial and political hegemony.

The phenomena has never been eliminated that a film approved by Central Board of Film Censors was finally banned due to the disagreement of a specific leading cadre. The Chinese screenwriter Wang Xingdong claimed that the the regulation over the literature and art should base on rule by law but not the preference of some individuals.

Academic Articles
Puppis, Manuel. "Media Governance: A New Concept For The Analysis Of Media Policy And Regulation." Communication, Culture & Critique 3.2 (2010): 134-149. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 11 Mar. 2015.

"Tears Vs. Rules And Regulations: Media Strategies And Framing Of Immigration Issues." Conference Papers -- International Communication Association (2012): 1-32. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 11 Mar. 2015.

Dawes, Simon. "Press Freedom, Privacy And The Public Sphere." Journalism Studies 15.1 (2014): 17-32. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 11 Mar. 2015.

Flew, Terry. "Media Classification: Content Regulation In An Age Of Convergent Media." Media International Australia (8/1/07-Current) 143 (2012): 5-15. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 11 Mar. 2015.

Valcke, Peggy. "From Ownership Regulations To Legal Indicators Of Media Pluralism: Background, Typologies And Methods." Journal Of Media Business Studies (Journal Of Media Business Studies) 6.3 (2009): 19-42. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 11 Mar. 2015.

Harcourt, Alison, and Robert G. Picard. "Policy, Economic, And Business Challenges Of Media Ownership Regulation." Journal Of Media Business Studies (Journal Of Media Business Studies) 6.3 (2009): 1-17. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 11 Mar. 2015.

Barker, Martin, et al. "Censorship, Regulation, And Media Policy In The Twenty-First Century: A Roundtable On Critical Approaches." Velvet Light Trap: A Critical Journal Of Film & Television 63 (2009): 58-71. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 11 Mar. 2015.

Ignore this section
王兴东 提出电影分级第一人 关于对电影regulation的立法 政府个人不应当参与