User:Ayamarie231/sandbox

Good website for sources: https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/?s=wage+gap

Source 1: Ignoring LGBT Individuals Allows Gay Wage Gap to Continue
- https://www.realchangenews.org/2018/07/25/ignoring-lgbt-individuals-allows-gay-wage-gap-continue

-”The data, recently published in an Economic Opportunity Institute report, show the same gap that Klawitter found. In Seattle, men in same-sex marriages made a median of 18.4 percent less than men in opposite-sex marriages. Women in same-sex marriages in Seattle make a median of 1.4 percent more than women in opposite-sex marriages — but they still make 25.6 percent less than men in same-sex marriages.”

~In an Economic Opportunity Institute report, it found that gay men made a median of 18.4% less than compared to straight men. Unlike gay men, gay women make a median of 1.4% more than straight women, while still making 25.6% less than straight men.

-”Researchers at the IZA Institute of Labor Economics found that gay men are penalized for not having the “stereotypically male heterosexual traits thought to be required among managers.” On the other hand, researchers from McGill University found that lesbians benefit because they are “perceived as less feminine and closer to the unencumbered male ideal.” "~IZA Institute of Labor Economics Researchers observed that gay men are economically disadvantaged for not being straight; 'stereotypically male heterosexual traits thought to be required among managers.' They also found a study from McGill University's researchers on lesbians that are economically advantaged because 'they are perceived as less feminine and closer t the unencumbered male ideal.'"Gay men made a median of 18.4% less than straight men.

Source 2: The Gay and Transgender Wage Gap
- https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/news/2012/04/16/11494/the-gay-and-transgender-wage-gap/

-”The Williams Institute finds that gay and bisexual men earn 10 percent to 32 percent less than similarly qualified heterosexual men, in a meta-analysis of 12 studies examining earnings and sexual orientation in the United States. This is true even when controlling for education, race, occupation, and years of work experience.” "~Williams Institute researched that gay and bisexual men receive 10%-32% less pay than straight men, especially when considering factors such as education, race, occupation, and work experience come into the work place."-”According to Williams’ analysis, lesbian and bisexual women earn the same or sometimes more than heterosexual women. But that’s not to say that lesbian workers do not experience gaps in pay. Research indicates that lesbian workers still earn less than both heterosexual and gay men.” "~Williams Institute researched that lesbian and bisexual women receive the same pay or the equivalent of what a straight woman makes. Despite the similar pay grade, they experience less of a pay than their straight and gay male coworkers."

Source 3: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Persons & Socioeconomic Status
-https://www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/lgbt

-"Evidence indicates individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual and/or transgender (LGBT) are especially susceptible to socioeconomic disadvantages. ""~In an American Psychological Association study found that people who are openly LGBT; Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and/or Transgender, are more likely to experience socioeconomic disadvantages."-Low-income LGBT individuals and same-sex/gender couples have been found more likely to receive cash assistance and food stamps benefits compared to heterosexual individuals or couples."~Another study found that low-income LGBT people receive more cash assistance and food stamps than straight people/couples."-Among women 18-44 years of age, 29 percent of bisexual women and 23 percent of lesbians are living in poverty, compared to 21 percent of their heterosexual counterparts."~Women who are between the ages of 18 and 44, 29% of bisexual women and 23% of lesbians are experiencing poverty, unlike the 21% of straight women who aren't."-20 percent of gay men and 25 percent of bisexual men 18-44 years of age are living at or below the federal level of poverty, compared to 15 percent of heterosexual men."~20% of gay men and 25% of bisexual men between the ages of 18 and 44 live in or below the poverty level, unlike the 15% of straight men who aren't."-A study of transgender adults in the United States found that participants were nearly 4 times more likely to have a household income of less than $10,000 per year compared to the general population."~Transgender adults are nearly 4 times as likely to have a household income of under $10,000 per year."

Source 4: The Impact of Wage Equality on Sexual Orientation Poverty Gaps (best source)
-https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Impact-of-Wage-Equality-on-Sexual-Orientation-Poverty-Gaps-June-2015.pdf

-https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/research/discrimination/the-impact-of-wage-equality-on-sexual-orientation-poverty-gaps/ (Website)

-"This report uses data on same-sex couples in the 2012 American Community Survey to assess the impact on LGB and heterosexual poverty rates of several types of hypothetical changes: one that reduces the gender wage gap between men and women, one that reduces the wage gaps for people of color, and the one that reduces the wage gap for gay and bisexual men compared to heterosexual men." "~Williams Institute recorded data on straight couples in the 2012 American Community Survey to research the impact of LGB (Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual) and straight individuals poverty rates by using hypothetical changes in reducing the wage gap of gender, POC, and gay/bisexual men."-"Although we typically observe higher poverty rates for lesbian couples than married heterosexual couples, individual lesbians earn more than similar heterosexual women on average. However, most lesbians still earn less household income that a heterosexual couple because of the gender wage gap, so lesbian couples and households are more likely to be in poverty than heterosexual married couples." "~Lesbian couples tend to experience higher poverty rates than straight couples and lesbians earn similarly the same as straight women. But, lesbians still earn less than the regular household income of a straight couple because of the gender wage gap. As a result, lesbian couples/households are more likely to live in poverty than straight couples/households."-"We find that eliminating wage gaps reduces poverty rates for people in same-sex couples and in different-sex couples in the following ways:"


 * With the elimination of a gender wage gap, the poverty rate for women in same-sex couples would fall from 7.9% to 5.4%
 * Eliminating the racial wage gap would reduce the poverty rate for African American men in same-sex couples from 14.5% to 10.9% and would reduce the poverty rate o for African American women in same-sex couples from 24.7% to 16.9%.
 * Without a wage gap between Hispanics and non-Hispanics, the poverty rate for Hispanic women in same-sex couples would drop from 9.2% to 7.4%.
 * If heterosexual women in couples had earnings similar to women in same-sex couples, their poverty rate would fall from 6.6% to 5.8%.


 * Reducing the sexual orientation gap for men in same-sex couples would reduce their poverty rate from 3.3% to 2.2%.