User:Ayang6369/sandbox

I like going bananas.

An adaptation for certain cryophiles, such as Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio and Aeromonas spp., is transitioning into a Dormant But Non-Culturable (DBNC) state. During DBNC, a micro-organism can respirate and use substrates for metabolism -- however, it cannot replicate. An advantage of this state is that it is highly reversible. It has been debated whether DBNC is an active survival strategy or if eventually the organism's cells will no longer be able to be revived. There is proof however that it may be very effective -- Gram positive bacteria Actinobacteria have been shown to have lived about 500,000 years in the permafrost conditions of Antarctica, Canada, and Serbia.

Families and subfamilies are classified as Old (Jo and Jb subfamilies), Intermediate, and Young (Y). Insertion polymorphisms in the Y subfamily (Yc1, Yc2, Ya8, Yb8, and Yb9) follow a co-dominant and bi-allelic pattern: individuals with the insertion most likely have an ancestor with it, and those without it likely do not. Similarly, people with insertions have a common ancestor with one, and the same is true for those without an insertion. More evidence that supports this is that there currently is no known mechanism for complete removal of the element. The presence or lack of insertion implying ancestry state and no known mechanism of removal of elements(thereby implying identity by ancestor) are properties of recently inserted Alu elements that may be good tools to study evolution of people.

Alu elements in primates form a fossil record that is relatively easy to decipher because Alu elements insertion events have a characteristic signature that is both easy to read and faithfully recorded in the genome from generation to generation. The study of Alu Y elements (the more recently evolved) thus reveals details of ancestry because individuals will only share a particular Alu element insertion if they have a common ancestor.This is because insertion of an Alu element occurs only 100 - 200 times per million years, and no known mechanism of deletion of one has been found. Therefore, individuals with an element likely descended from an ancestor with one -- and vice versa, for those without. In genetics, presence or lack thereof of a recently inserted Alu element may be a good property to consider when studying human evolution.