User:Ayc8110/sandbox

\Week 2 Assignments
Week 2 Article Evaluation - Article: Digital Revolution

Observations:

 * Harder to be biased when the subject matter is a concept or idea, as opposed to a person or event.
 * However, writing an article about a person or event may be easier as there are clearer guidelines for what to include.
 * Is it possible to have too much information?
 * The first section of articles - overview?
 * Wordy articles are harder to read - include more visuals.
 * Timelines and links to other pages.

Ideas:

 * Include visuals and graphics.
 * Be concise and not too wordy.
 * Figure out what info should go in which section.
 * Don't give too much information - too many links to other pages.
 * Include relevant see also pages depending on topic.

Smartphone
Areas to improve:
 * 1) Sub heading and section about the positive and negative impacts of smartphones on our society.  How has the rise of smartphones transformed the way we use technology, culture, communication, and social life? What negative impacts do smartphones have on traditional computer companies, users' health, etc.?
 * 2) * Sources:
 * 3) ** https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236669025_Impact_of_Smartphone's_on_Society (overall)
 * 4) ** http://ijseas.com/volume2/v2i3/ijseas20160353.pdf (overall)
 * 5) ** http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/74463/E89486.pdf (health)
 * 6) ** http://proc.conisar.org/2010/pdf/1519.pdf (culture)
 * 7) Expand on the section about the future of smartphone use.  What's in store for consumers as technology continues to develop? - may not actually include this if there are no reliable sources*
 * 8) * Sources (need better ones)
 * 9) ** https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2017/05/23/the-future-of-smartphones/#7df604a91885
 * 10) ** https://www.macworld.co.uk/feature/iphone/iphone-2019-beyond-3665250/

Social media
Areas to improve:
 * 1) Talk page includes mentions of article being biased. Review the article and evaluate which areas seem to be biased and adjust/delete accordingly.
 * 2) Harmful effects section - the section is currently very wordy and information is disorganized.  Reformatting the information by separating it into separate sections would make it less convoluted.
 * 3) This section specifically mentions two harmful effects of social media use: the damaging effects of "likes" on self-confidence, and how social media is leaving users feeling less satisfied.  Add sources to this info to make it more reliable and not as biased.
 * 4) * http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0956797616645673 (the power of likes)
 * 5) * https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4183915/ (general health effects)
 * 6) * https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319396436_Impact_of_Social_Media_on_Self-Esteem (self esteem)
 * 7) * http://info.ils.indiana.edu/~herring/teens.gender.pdf (specific groups and self esteem)
 * 8) * http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0069841#s3 (university of michigan study about decline in social well being)
 * 9) * https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3455910/ (mental health)
 * 10) * https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/185/3/203/2915143 (facebook use and well being)

What to improve:

 * The lead of the article is very wordy and needs to be cut down - some info not relevant.
 * Add images, especially since it's called visual rhetoric.
 * The sentences can be reworded to sound more academic.
 * Missing a lot of info about the history of specifically visual rhetoric - very general and why the mention of linguistics?
 * Area of focus section looks promising, but needs work: more sources and go more in depth.
 * Art history section is two sentences: either add to it or omit completely.
 * Science section is the same as area of focus section - only one source used.
 * Add section about contemporary visual rhetoric in this digital age: images on the internet, hoaxes, meme culture.

What I plan to contribute:
I believe that this article has a decent foundation, but needs a lot of work. First and foremost, I plan on editing and revising the lead section as it is currently very convoluted and many things can be omitted. In addition, I would like to add a section about contemporary visual rhetoric because I feel that the field has developed very rapidly in the past few years. Due to advancements in technology and increased social media use, images are being spread rapidly. There are many forms of images that I feel could be mentioned in this article: photography, advertisements, political cartoons, and memes just to name a few. I would like to discuss the impacts of these types of images in popular culture. On a technical note, I would include more pictures.

Sources to check out:

 * 1) Jenkins, Eric S. “The Modes of Visual Rhetoric: Circulating Memes as Expressions.” Quarterly Journal of Speech, vol. 100, no. 4, 2014, pp. 442–466.,doi:10.1080/00335630.2014.989258.
 * 2) Du Preez, Amanda, and Elanie Lombard. “The Role of Memes in the Construction of Facebook Personae.” Communicatio: South African Journal for Communication Theory & Research, vol. 40, no. 3, 2014, pp. 253–270., doi:10.1080/02500167.2014.938671.
 * 3) Martínez-Rolán, Xabier, and Teresa Piñeiro-Otero. “The Use of Memes in the Discourse of Political Parties at Twitter: Analysis of the 2015 State of the Nation Debate.”Communication & Society, vol. 29, no. 1, 2016, pp. 145–159., doi:10.15581/003.29.1.145-159.
 * 4) Murray, Derek Conrad. “Notes to Self: the Visual Culture of Selfies in the Age of Social Media.” Consumption Markets & Culture, vol. 18, no. 6, Dec. 2015, pp. 490–516., doi:10.1080/10253866.2015.1052967.
 * 5) Lumsden, Linda. “Striking Images: Visual Rhetoric and Social Identify in the Radical Press, 1903â1917.” Visual Communication Quarterly, vol. 17, no. 4, Oct. 2010, pp. 225–240., doi:10.1080/15551393.2010.515443.
 * 6) Veum, Aslaug, and Linda Victoria Moland Undrum. “The Selfie as a Global Discourse.”Discourse & Society, vol. 29, no. 1, Jan. 20182017, pp. 86–103., doi:10.1177/0957926517725979.
 * 7) Mortensen, Mette, et al. “The Iconic Image in a Digital Age.” Nordicom Review, vol. 38, 2017, pp. 71–86., doi:10.1515/nor-2017-0415.

= Week 5 and Beyond: Rough Draft of Visual rhetoric =

Visual rhetoric is a means of communication through the use of visual images and texts. More specifically, visual rhetoric involves analyzing images for their form and meaning. Drawing on techniques from semiotics and rhetorical analysis, visual rhetoric examines the structure of an image, and the consequent persuasive effects on an audience.

Visual rhetoric has been approached from a variety of academic fields of study such as art history, linguistics, semiotics, cultural studies, business and technical communication, speech communication, and classical rhetoric. ''Visual rhetoric seeks to develop rhetorical theory in a way that is more comprehensive and inclusive with regard to images and their interpretations. Some examples of artifacts analyzed by visual rhetoricians are charts, paintings, sculpture, videogames, diagrams, web pages, advertisements, movies, architecture, newspapers, or photographs.''

Although the use of images as a form of communication is not a new concept, recent technological advancements has made the mass production and distribution of images much easier.

History
Originating in Ancient Greece, rhetoric has been widely discussed for thousands of years. Sophists first coined the idea as an abstract term to help label the concept while Aristotle more narrowly defined rhetoric as a message's influential potential for audiences. (CITE: Bizzel, 22 | Aristotle). Linguists and other researchers have explored rhetoric's typically through the well known five cannons of rhetoric. Over time, this definition has evolved, expanded, and raised serious debate as new digital mediums of communicating have developed.

Visual rhetoric's first mentioning (1977) brought to light a new way to evaluate other communication means, showing the relevance of traditional rhetorical theories to the still photographic medium (CITE: Barthes, Image music text). Barthes explained visual rhetoric generally as the implied and interpreted messages from the work, yet these bigger messages often extend beyond the initial superficial interpretation (SAME CITE). Visual rhetoric uses a variety of tools to hook readers within its mediums (e.g. gifs) (CITE: this). Although similar in nature, one striking difference between visual and classical rhetoric is the newfound outlook on Aristotle's original cannons. Linda Scott created a newfound audience by constructing new cannons exclusive to visual rhetoric (CITE: this). Instead of closely monitoring the content, as with the initial five cannons, Scott's focused on the visual medium's ability to invent and argument, arrangement of the item, and all coupled with a meaningful delivery of presentation. Since its inception, popular studies have appeared in published works to discuss the role of visual rhetoric in many facets of human life, especially advertising.

Modern Uses
Visual images have always played a role in communication, however the recent advancements in technology have enabled users to produce and share images on a mass scale. Images are utilized in a variety of ways for a number of purposes. From business to art to entertainment, the versatility of images in popular culture have some scholars arguing words will eventually become outdated.

Advertisements
Advertisers know that their consumers are able to associate one thing to another; therefore, when an ad shows two things that seemingly different, they know that the consumer will find a connection between the two. Advertisers also find ways to make sure that the consumer creates a positive association between what they are selling and whatever they are associating their product with.

Response to Peer Review with the implementation of a more detailed focus on the classifications of advertisements:

"In advertising, there are nine main classifications for how ads incorporate visual rhetoric. These classifications vary in complexity with the least complex being when advertisers juxtapose their product with another image (listed as 1,2,3). After juxtaposition, the complexity is increased with fusion, which is when an advertiser's product is combined with another image (listed as 4,5,6). The most complex is replacement, which replaces the product with another product (listed as 7,8,9). Each of these sections also include a variety of richness. The most rich would be connection, which shows how one product is associated with another product (listed as 1,4,7). The next rich would be similarity, which shows how a product is like another product or image (listed as 2,5,8,). Finally, the most rich would be opposition, which is when advertisers show how their product is not like another product or image (listed as 3,6,9)." Each of these categories varies in complexity, where putting a product next to a chosen image is the simplest and replacing the product entirely is the most complex. The reason why putting a product next to a chosen image is the most simple is because the consumer has already been shown that there is a connection between the two. In other words, the consumer just has to figure out why there is the connection. However, when advertisers replace the product that they are selling with another image, then the consumer must first figure out the connection and figure out why the connection was made.
 * 1) Advertisers can put their product next to another image in order to have the consumer associate their product with the presented image.
 * 2) Advertisers can put their product next to another image to show the similarity between their product and the presented image.
 * 3) Advertisers can put their product next to another image in order to show the consumer that their product is nothing like what the image shows.
 * 4) Advertisers can combine their product with an image in order to have the consumer associate their product with the presented image.
 * 5) Advertisers can combine their product with an image to show the similarity between their product and the presented image.
 * 6) Advertisers can combine their product with another image in order to show the consumer that their product is nothing like what the image shows.
 * 7) Advertisers can replace their product with an image to have the consumer associate their product with the presented image.
 * 8) Advertisers can replace their product with an image to show the similarity between their product and the presented image.
 * 9) Advertisers can replace their product with another image to show the consumer that their product is nothing like what the image shows.

Graffiti
Graffiti is a "pictorial or visual inscription on a publically [sic] accessible surface."[19] According to Hanauer, Graffiti achieves three functions; the first is to allow marginalized texts to participate in the public discourse, the second is that graffiti serves the purpose of expressing openly "controversial contents", and the third is to allow "marginal groups to the possibility of expressing themselves publicly."[20] Bates and Martin note that this form of rhtetoric has been around even in ancient Pompeii (link to article); with an example from 79 A.D. reading, "Oh wall, so many men have come here to scrawl, I wonder that your burdened sides don't fall" (Lindsay 116)--. Within a more modern context, Wiens' (2014) research showed that graffiti can be considered an alternative way of creating rhetorical meaning for issues such as homelessness.[22] Furthermore, according to Ley and Cybriwsky graffiti can be an expression of territory, especially within the context of gangs.[23] This form of Visual Rhetoric is meant to communicate meaning to anyone who so happens to see it, and due to its long history and prevalence several styles and techniques have emerged to capture the attention of an audience.

Peer Review: Jordan Brown
I agree with wanting to trim down the lead's section and making it succinct yet cohesive. I think the group did well on revising the first section. As a novice I can still comprehend what visual rhetoric is along with fields that make use of the strategy. But one thought I did have was, is there research that can be included on the aspects, strategies, or application of visual rhetoric in present day? I think including this elaboration would aide the audience in further discussion of visual rhetoric later in the article. With regards to the history section, one area I would hone in on is connecting each sentence within the second paragraph more fluently. Is there a way to provide more dates to show the evolution of the term "visual rhetoric"? Since the section focuses on the history of visual rhetoric I think that being explicit with dates of published research on the topic would aide in clarifying the actual history and development of the term over time. For the advertisements section I would look to provide a reference for the first paragraph because the statement seems like a personal claim being generalized to the audience. Second, is there a way to explain the research on the nine classifications for advertising before listing them. Doing so will help present the audience with a deeper and clearer understanding of how exactly the strategies of visual rhetoric have been applied to contemporary advertising. The advertisement section seems like it lacks the most solid connection to visual rhetoric out of the entire draft. I see how advertisement can make use of visual rhetoric, but why? What about visual rhetoric is applicable to the field of advertising. Maybe an area of research to think about is the psychology of advertising. If visual rhetoric is a persuasive tool, how do curators of advertisements create ads to persuade their audience to behave in a certain way... what visual techniques work better than others? In all, I think the draft is off to a great start! It seems like a very interesting topic and the group appears to have gathered great research. Cdsj0497 (talk) 00:43, 25 February 2018 (UTC)cdsj0497

Response:
Thank you for your review. I agree that our article could use more sources that connect the information back to the topic of visual rhetoric. In addition to the advertisements section, we have since then added a "modern uses" section that will hopefully clarify advertisements as one of the examples of communication with images in our modern society. Other fields to be included are: graffiti, memes, and signs. There are also many things to be edited in the original article still, so we hope it will be clearer when we finish.

Sources Used
New sources used: S
 * Danesi, Marcel. "Visual Rhetoric and Semiotic." Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. 24 May 2015. Oxford University Press.
 * McComiskey, Bruce (1 Jan 2014). "Visual Rhetoric and the New Public Discourse." JAC: A Journal of Rhetoric, Culture & Politics. 24: 187-206.
 * Moreau, Elise. “What Does 'Going Viral Online' Really Mean?” Lifewire, 24 Feb. 2018
 * https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/semiotics DEFINITION OF SEMIOTICS
 * Ehses, Hanno, and Lupton Ellen. Rhetorical Handbook . Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, 1998.