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Ottoman invasion of Caucasus
From 1914s in to the 1918s the Ottoman empire(Islamic Army of the Caucasus) invaded Caucasus. The Ottomans fought against the: Russian empire (1914-1917), Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (2 March 1917-28 May 1918) Armenia, United Kingdom, Centrocaspian Dictatorshi (1918) and the Russian SFSR (1917).

Ottoman retake of the territories that was invaded by the Russian empire
Battle of Muş:

In the face of this dire situation, Mustafa Kemal, now a brigadier general, displayed tactical brilliance. With swift and decisive action, he successfully halted the Russian advance. In August 1916, Kemal launched a surprise attack, leading his forces to recapture Muş.

Capture of Trabzon:

Taking advantage of this shift in German policy, the reorganized Ottoman Third Army, which incorporated divisions from the disbanded Second Army, undertook an offensive to capture Trabzon. Vehip Pasha, the commander of the Ottoman Third Army, led this operation.

Battle of Mazikert:

On July 10, 1915 Russian General Oganovski launched an offensive to capture the hills just west of Malazgirt. He believed that the Turkish forces in the area were weak. However, the Turkish forces contained several divisions numbering upwards of 40,000 men. On July 16, the Ottoman Army counter-attacked under Abdul Kerim Pasha. They outnumbered the Russians by a factor of 3-1. Oganovski was forced to retreat back to Malazgirt, and in the process the Turks captured his baggage train. On July 20, the Turks retook Malazgirt and on 27 July also took Muş from the Russians. Due to the poor quality of the Russian communications, Yudenich, who was the Russian commander of the Caucasus front, did not learn that the Russian army was in retreat until July 22.

Battle of Chapakchur:

The Ottoman army, which fought against the Russians on the Caucasian Front, suffered great casualties due to the harsh winter conditions and the fact that the Russian army was very strong, and the Russians advanced towards the west by taking Bitlis and Muş. When the army was insufficient, militia forces were formed from the people of the region and the Russians were tried to be stopped. The militia forces formed from the tribes in Çapakçur, Genç, Solhan and Kiğı defended the region under extraordinary conditions. Atatürk, who was appointed to the region after the Çanakkale victory and his comrades-in-arms, with the support of the militia forces, succeeded in pushing the Russians back within the borders of today's Bingöl. Within four months, they ensured that Muş and Bitlis were cleared of the enemy, and that the people of the region were freed from the torture and massacre they suffered. On the Çapakçur Front, many commanders such as Ali Fuat Pasha, Cafer Tayyar Pasha, Ahmet İzzet Pasha, Mürsel Pasha and Faik Pasha, as well as Mustafa Kemal, fought against the Russians. In addition, the leaders of the militia forces and the leaders of the region made extraordinary efforts to stop the Russians. There is also great participation from the public in the unions formed with the efforts of the notables of the region. In particular, the efforts of the hero Sabri Efendi of Musrum in this war will be highly appreciated and he will be rewarded with many congratulatory telegrams and medals. Three martyrdom monuments were erected in Bingöl to carry the memories of the battles to future generations. After the war, Mürsel Pasha in the Çanakçı Village of Kiğı Azizan Monument was erected in Azizan Village of Karlıova and Şeref Square Martyrdom Monument was erected in Solhan where Atatürk led the battle.

Along with Mustafa Kemal, many commanders such as Ali Fuat Pasha, Jafer Tayyar Pasha, Ahmet Izzet Pasha, Mursel Pasha and Faik Pasha fought against the Russians on the Çapakçur Front. Also, the leaders of the militia forces and the leaders of the region made extraordinary efforts to stop the Russians. The associations created by the efforts of the leaders of the region have large participation from the people. In particular, the efforts of the Muslim hero Sabri Efendi in this war will be greatly appreciated and will be rewarded with many congratulatory telegrams and medals.

Capture of Ardahan:

As Russian forces withdrew from the front following the October Revolution, a small Armenian volunteer force took up positions to defend the town from the approaching Ottoman Army. On March 6, 1918, the Ottoman army, along with the help of the town's Muslims, overwhelmed Ardahan's Armenian garrison and retook the town.

Capture of Erzurum:

The city was also the location of one of the key battles in the Caucasus Campaign of World War I between the armies of the Ottoman and Russian Empires. This resulted in the capture of Erzurum by Russian forces under the command of Grand Duke Nicholas and Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich on February 16, 1916. Erzurum reverted to Ottoman control after the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918.

Capture of Bitlis:

The Ottoman troops of Ahmed Izzet Pasha were composed of veterans from the Gallipoli campaign. They were to outflank the Russians in Bitlis before the end of March, but communications were terrible, and troops had to march from Ankara for a month. The Turkish Second Army's (belated) offensive began on 2 August 1916 and successfully took back Bitlis (and Muş)

Capture of Ezincan:

The capture was carried out by Karabekir and his Turkish troops. Facing the defense of Colonel Morel, a Russian officer, the city witnessed a state of indescribable panic during its evacuation in the dead of night. Overcoming the obstacles posed by fleeing Armenian soldiers and civilians, who succumbed to fear, the Turkish forces pursued them along the Erzurum road, enduring severe snowstorms and repeated attacks from Kurdish tribes.

Ottoman invasion of Azerbaijan
On 4 June 1918, Azerbaijan and the Ottoman Empire signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation, clause 4 of which held that the Ottoman Empire would provide military assistance to Azerbaijan if such assistance was required for maintaining peace and security in the country.

Battle of Baku
Battle of Goychay:

The third branch of the Red Army also moved from the north of Baku. Moving along the Baku–Ganja highway to the north-west, they entered Maraza and Shamakhi. The Bolshevik-led Armenian forces attacked the village of Bijo, resulting in a battle between the village population and 400 Armenian troops. The battle ended in a decisive Azerbaijani victory.

On the morning of 16 June, the 11th Army's 3rd division forces attacked the Azerbaijani, Dagestani and Georgian militants in the region. At the end of the battle, which lasted over seven hours, the coalition forces were forced to retreat to Goychay.

All of the soldiers of the 5th Caucasian Infantry Division of the Caucasus Army Group had not yet reached Ganja. The 10th Caucasian Infantry Regiment crossed the Vanadzor-Dilijan road and entered Aghstafa. They reached Goychay on 15 June. Nazım Bey and his soldiers were sent to the Myusyuslyu and Kyurdamir fronts. The 10th Caucasian Infantry Regiment, led by Topal Osman, was sent to the Garamaryam front. After some days of fighting, the Ottoman forces defeated the Armenian troops, resulting in them retreating to the village.

During the preparations, Bolshevik spies passed along crucial information to the Red Army. The Bolsheviks launched an assault on 27 June with three battalions. Some of them moved to the north and struck the 10th Caucasian Infantry Regiment from behind. From the south, they conducted minor skirmishes to lower Ottoman morale. Meanwhile, the 25th Infantry Battalion and 2nd Cavalry Regiment, that had been requested a few days earlier, arrived and immediately became part of the 10th Caucasian Infantry Regiment. Fierce fighting resulted in the Ottoman forces successfully defending against the Bolshevik assaul

Due to extremely hot weather, neither side could initiate a full assault. Ottoman water supplies were coming from Goychay. Because of supply issues, both sides were fighting with bayonets. At the end of the day Ottoman–Azerbaijani forces fully controlled western parts of the Garamaryam and partially controlled the northeastern part. Western parts of Garamaryam were flat. The Bolsheviks' retreat routes were drastically reduced because of the high hills of Aghsu to the east. The Bolshevik forces decided to flee Garamaryam as quickly as possible.

On 30 June, the Red Army launched an unsuccessful surprise attack on the 10th Caucasian Infantry Regiment. During the battle for Garamaryam, the Azerbaijani volunteer cavalry forces were led by Habib Bey Salimov.

The 25th Infantry Battalion and some militia from the Garamaryam front had reached Goychay. Nuru Pasha, seeing that Goychay was on the verge of occupation and there was a threat of encirclement, sent some of the forces serving in Garamaryam and Aghdash to aid those defending in Goychay. The 9th Caucasian Regiment, were stationed in Poylu under the command of Cemil Cahit Toydemir, and militia from Shaki and Zagatala, led by Yusif bey Tahirov, were ordered to move to Goychay. Receiving artillery and fire support, the 25th Infantry Battalion and local militia successfully encircled the Bolshevik forces. The Bolsheviks suffered mass casualties. The rest of the now defeated Bolshevik forces fled to Garamaryam, although they were attacked by the 13th Caucasian Infantry. Afterwards, these Bolshevik forces were attacked by 5th Caucasian Infantry Division, which resulted in them suffering more casualties. Stationed in Garamaryam, the Bolshevik forces were attacked yet again. This forced them to flee east to Baku.

Battle of Agshu:

The 10th and 13th infantry regiments of the Caucasian Islamic Army, Azerbaijani cavalry units subordinated to the 10th regiment took part in the battle. On July 6, the 13th regiment, which broke the resistance of the enemy forces, entered Agsu and continued its attack up to Shamakhi hill. The 10th regiment advanced from the north of Agsun and dealt a serious blow to the fleeing enemy. Freeing Gurçuva, he took a position there. In the course of the battle, 1 field cannon, 1 battle cart, 5 machine guns, up to 30 different weapons and up to 15 carts full of property of the local population looted by Dashnaks were captured. The Battle of Agsu consolidated the victory won in the Battle of Garamaryam

Battle of Karamaryan:

At the end of the battles, which ended with the defeat of the Red Army units, the western part of Karamaryam was completely under the control of the Caucasian Islamic Army units, and the eastern part was partially under its control. The successful completion of the decisive battles created confidence in the decisive victory among the personnel of the army, and became a turning point in the struggle for the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan.

Bergmann offensive:

Ottoman officers regrouped XI Corps before long and sent back them to the Russians, but in this day, the Ottomans couldn't make any progress. On the second day the Ottomans forced the Russians to retreat from their forward trenches. Battle of Binagadi:

Battle of Binagadi:

Battle of Binagadi was important part of Battle of Baku. The main purpose of the battle was to capture the hills 311 and 364 near the village of Binagadi.

In the battle that began on August 26, the 13th Infantry Regiment captured Hill 364. Hill 311 could not be captured. On August 27, Centrocaspian Dictatorship tried to recapture Hill 364, but failed. After a while, the hill 311 was captured by Azerbaijanis. In addition to Binagadi village, Digah and Mohammadi villages were also taken over by Azerbaijanis.

Battle of Kurdamir:

Despite all their efforts, the Bolshevik-Dashnak forces were unable to prevent the attack of the 13th Regiment. Towards evening, the right flank of the regiment and the left flank of the Mususlu detachment merged to the west of Kurdamir. A few hours later, the combined forces completely liberated the settlement from the enemy. The liberation of Kurdamir further strengthened the military initiative in the hands of Turkish-Azerbaijani troops. Battle of Salyan:

Battle of Salyan:

The Bolsheviks launched a fierce offensive operation, but were repulsed on July 2 with the support of the local population. The Turkish troops, who launched a counter-attack, broke the siege of the city and created conditions for the Bolsheviks to withdraw to the Banka settlement. In these battles, Bolshevik forces lost 600 people, 132 of them were wounded. 12 people from the Turkish division were killed and 17 people were injured

On July 12, the Turkish troops attacking with 50 cavalrymen defeated the 400-person infantry division supported by machine guns and captured Banka. Thus, the waterway of Kura river is fully protected. The defense of the region was entrusted to Nazim Ramazanov.

Ottoman invasion of Armenia
Armenian Genocide:

On 24 April 1915, the Ottoman authorities arrested and deported hundreds of Armenian intellectuals and leaders from Constantinople. At the orders of Talaat Pasha, an estimated 800,000 to 1.2 million Armenians were sent on death marches to the Syrian Desert in 1915 and 1916. Driven forward by paramilitary escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to robbery, rape, and massacres. In the Syrian Desert, the survivors were dispersed into concentration campsThe Deir ez-Zor Camp and the Ra's al-'Ayn camps. In 1916, another wave of massacres was ordered, leaving about 200,000 deportees alive by the end of the year. Around 100,000 to 200,000 Armenian women and children were forcibly converted to Islam and integrated into Muslim households. Massacres and ethnic cleansing of Armenian survivors continued through the Turkish War of Independence after World War I, carried out by Turkish nationalists.

Deir ez-Zor Camps:

Those Armenians who survived during the genocide in 1915-1916 were driven onwards in two directions: towards Damascus or along the Euphrates to Deir ez-Zor. During the early period of massacres, 30,000 Armenians were encamped in various camps outside the town of Deir ez-Zor. They were under the protection of the Arab governor, Ali Suad Bey, until the Ottoman authorities decided to replace him with Salih Zeki Bey, who was known for his cruelty and barbarity. When the refugees, including women and children, reached Deir ez-Zor, they cooked grass, ate dead birds, and although there was a cave near a place called Deir ez-Zor that was used at the end of one march to store prisoners until they starved, no "camp" seems ever to have been planned for the Armenians.

Ras al-Ayn Camps:

Ras al-Ayn became a major collecting place for deported Armenians from Anatolia. By September 1915, groups of refugees (usually made up of women and children) began to arrive after the exhausting journey. In April 1916 the German consul reported "again massacre at Ras ul Ain": "300 to 500 deportees are taken out of the concentration camp each day and butchered at a distance of 10 km. from Ras ul Ain" In the summer of 1916 new rounds of massacres were improvised by the Turkish government in the areas of Deir ez-Zor, Rakka and Ras ul-Ain.. In 1916, over 80,000 of Armenians were slaughtered in Ras al-Ayn. According to reports, in one day alone 300-400 women arrived to the camps completely naked and were plundered by Chechens and gendarmerie: "All the bodies, without exception, were entirely naked and the wounds that had been inflicted showed that the victims had been killed, after having been subjected to unspeakable brutalities". The local kaimakam (governor) ordered the massacre of deported Armenians. Daurri (Diirri) Bey, son of the Turkish Bey of Aleppo Defterdar Djemal, was the official High Executioner of Armenians at Ras-el-Ain: "this brute, after robbing them of their jewelry chose the youngest girls of good families and kept them for a harem".