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'Abd al-Qadir al-Maraghi ibn Ghaybi was a music theorist, composer and performer of the Timurid Empire, variously described as Persian, Turkish and Azerbaijan. A renowned musician and writer on music, his theories had a profound influence on subsequent Persian, Arab, and Turkish music.

Safi al-Din al-Urmawi

Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi

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Life
Abd al-Qadir al-Maraghi ibn Ghaybi was born Maragh of the Timurid Empire during the mid 14th century.

Ibn Ghaybi al-maraghi abd al-Qadir.

variously described as Persian, Turkish and Azerbaijan

c. 1350.

"traditionally considered to be the founder of Turkish music research"

Maragalı Abdülkadir

Abdulqadir Maraghi

Abdülkadir Meragi (grove)

"Turkish was his mother tongue, and he is traditionally considered a founding father of Turkish music"

He had become one of the court minstrels of the Jalayirid Sultan al-Husayn around 1379. Under Sultan Ahmad Jalayirid, he was appointed the chief court minstrel. When Timur captured Baghdad in 1393, he was transported to Samarqand, which was the capital of the Timurid dynasty. In 1399, he was in Tabriz at the service of Timur's wayward son Miranshah. Abdl al-Qadir was blamed for the erratic conducts of Miranshah, and Timur acted swiftly in order to capture him. But Abd al-Qadir, was forewarned and escaped to the Jalayrid court of Sultan Ahmad in Baghdad. Timur again recaptured Baghdad in 1401 and took Abd al-Qadir back to Samarqand. Abd al-Qadir became one of the brilliant men at the court of Timur's son, Shahrukh. In 1421, he also wrote a musical treatise (see below) for the Ottoman Sultan Murad II. He died in Samarqand in 1435.

His students included Fathallah al-Shirwani.

"Two others, ʿAlī al-Sitāhī (or Sītā’ī) and Ḥusām al-Dīn Quṭlugh Būqā, are mentioned in ‘Azzāwī and Neubauer’s works on the basis of the works of ʿAbd al-Qādir Marāghī (d. 838/1435), the most accomplished Persian writer in the field of music, who was raised in Baghdad and wrote a lengthy commentary on Kitāb al-adwār."

".For ‘Abd al-Qadir, the nawba was clearly the  most  important  form  (he  attempted,  unsuccessfully,  to  enlarge  it  by adding  a  complex  fifth  element).  By  the  late  15th  century,  however,  it  was  evidently in decline, and soon afterwards it disappeared"

Works on music theory
Abd al-Qadir was proficient in music, poetry and painting. This made him to be a highly desired artisan amongst the courts of different dynasties. It was due to his musical talent that he was named by his contemporaries as the Glory of the past age.

Abd al-Qadir is known for his four works on music theory. All three surviving works were written in Persian. His most important treatise on music is the Jami al-Alhan (جامع الالحان) (Arabic for Encyclopedia of Music), autographs of which are preserved at the Bodleian Library and the Nuruosmaniye Mosque Library in Istanbul. The first manuscript of this work was written in 1405 for his Nur al-din Abd al-Rahman was revised by the author in 1413. The second manuscript was written in 1415, carries a dedication to Sultan Sharukh of the Timurid dynasty.

The second major work of Abd al-Qadir is the Persian book Maqasid al-Alhan (Arabic for: Purports of Music)(مقاصد الالحان). It was dedicated to the Ottoman Sultan Murad II.

A third treatise on music, the Kanz al-Tu.af (Treasury of Music) which contained the author's notated compositions, has not survived.

His last work, the Sharh al-Adwar (Commentary on the [Kitab al-Adwar] of Safi al-Din al-Urmawi) (شرح الادوار), is to be found in the Nuruosmaniye Mosque Library in Istanbul.

The first to use the word maqam

Nilgün Doğrusöz and Ozan Baysal

"His complicated professional life, zigzagging between Tabriz, Baghdad, Samarkand and Herat, illustrates the mobility of master musicians of the period"

Writings