User:Aziza2001/Yesim-khan (Kazakh khanate)

Yesim Khan (1565-1628) (Kazakh: Yesim Khan)— Khan of the Kazakh khanate in 1598-1628 years, the son of Shigay

Yesim-Khan, the son of Shigay and Ahsim-Begim Khanum. After the death of his brother Tauyekel Khan Sultan Yesim becomes Khan of the Kazakh khanate during a campaign in Bukhara. Yesim Khan, received the nickname (the Brave Yesim Giant) for bravery in repelling external aggression on the Kazakh khanate. His reign was the time of the next strengthening of the Kazakh khanate, the third after Kasym Khan and Khaknazar Khan. Yesim-Khan transferred the capital of the khanate of Sygnak in Turkestan. Tall, courageous warrior, Sultan Yessim was an experienced military leader and gifted politician. Yesim Khan concludes a peace Treaty with Bukhara. Under the agreement, Tashkent, Shahrukhia, Kanka and part of Fergana passed to the Kazakh khanate. Its main goal was to transform the Kazakh khanate into a centralized state. Khan Yesim paid special attention to strengthening the military power of the Kazakh khanate, giving wide military and political powers to sultans and representatives of the nobility.

A special attention Khan Yesim paid Moghulistan and unfolded the events in it. At this time, the ruler of Tashkent Khan Tursun rebelled against Khan Yesim and attracted to his side did not recognize the power of Khan Yesim senior Khan Mogulistan Abd al-Latif Abak. Considering all the Kazakhs as his people, Khan Yesim did not enter the troops in Eastern Turkestan and start a fratricidal war.

The Kazakh khanate under Yesim Khan acquired such a huge space and many cities in the Syr Darya that any attempt to conquer new lands became meaningless work. And yet the warlike ruler yoshim Khan found himself caring. In 1619, the king of Kashgar Abak Khan expelled Sultan Abd al-Rahim from Uighuristan. Noble exile, appealed for help to Yesim Khan and asked to return him to his city of Chalysh and Turfan.

Confrontation with Tursunhan
The growing prominence of Yesim Khan in the people caused a hostile attitude Khan Tursun. Therefore, Khan Tursun decided to get rid of his rival and seize all power in the Kazakh khanate. To this end, he began to place himself faithful troops in the fortresses of the powerful and expand its sphere of influence. Some time later, between the two khans began a bloody massacre. The reason for this was the difficult internal situation, when in 1627 dzhungars (Kalmyks) frequent raids on Kazakh lands and caused great damage to the economy. Khan Yesim, gathered troops and marched against the Kalmyks. He defeated them and banished them to the Jungar mountains, and returned victorious. At this time, instead of fighting the Kalmyks, Khan Tursun gathered his troops and attacked the capital of the Kazakh khanate Turkestan. Warriors of Khan Tursun killed many people, destroyed the houses of citizens. Capturing the family of Khan Yessim — his wives and children, they were taken to Tashkent. They also wanted to trap Khan yoshim to kill him. Learning about the rebellion, Khan Yesim went to Tashkent. In 1627, the battle of Yesim and Tursun took place in the vicinity of Tashkent. Leaving his army, Khan Tursun took refuge in the fortress. The soldiers of Khan Tursun, embittered by this betrayal, themselves took him prisoner and gave him into the hands of Khan yoshim.

Khan Yesim all katagan clan, who took an active part in the looting of the people on the side of Khan Tursun, was sentenced to destruction. To avoid punishment, this family escaped among the Uighurs in Eastern Turkestan. The mutiny of Khan Tursun in the history remained under the name "Katagan slaughter".

In the course of such turbulent and dangerous events in the Kazakh khanate, Yesim Khan proved to be a wise ruler, a skillful politician and a far-sighted diplomat. Assessing significant threat from Jungar Kalmyks, Khan Yesim showed great diplomatic skills in dealing with the public Bukhara, Turpan, Kashgar and Kyrgyzstan. After the death of Yesim Khan, his eldest son Zhanibek became Khan.

Reforms under yoshim Khan
Yesim Khan had to endure an even more difficult internal political struggle, the result of which was a radical reform of the political system of the Kazakh state. The essence of it was that the leadership of the closed elite — the Torah was replaced by the leadership of the elite of the open type — biys and elders. There was a kind of Biy revolution, which limited the political rights of the Genghis Khan and established broad rights for communities and their leaders. Yesim Khan made many innovations in the domestic and foreign policy of the Kazakh khanate.

The laws of Khan Yesim, created during the invasions of external enemies and contributed to the consolidation of unity and protection of the country, testify to the high merits of Khan Yesim as a statesman in the Kazakh history. Khan Yesim managed to suppress civil strife, local isolation of sultans and successfully reflected the invasion of Dzungars.

.Legally, these changes were enshrined in a kind of Constitution - "Yessim hannyn Eski Zholy" (the Ancient way of Yessim Khan), adopted as a Supplement to the code Kasym Khan. This legal act defined the powers of the Khan, biys and batyrs, as well as their mutual duties and rights

Maslikhat continued to be the Supreme legislative power. It consisted of all representatives of the Kazakh communities and only the most influential sultans. The Council met once in the year, mainly in autumn in Ulytau, town of Turkestan, or near Tashkent.

The weakening of the Khan's role in the political system led to a change in the principle of Khan's choice. Although officially the principle of meritocracy remained in force, in fact, the Kazakhs passed to the inheritance of the Khan's title until the beginning of the XVIII century.

Instead of the ulus of the system at the beginning of the XVII century was introduced Guzova organization, when all Kazakh lands were divided between the three economic and territorial associations — jüzs. At the head of the zhuzes were BII, leaders of the most powerful and numerous groups of communities. Essentially all the power was in the hands of gazowych Biy. They also formed the Council of Biys, which limited the power of the Khan. The power of the biys rested solely on personal authority and the Khan could not influence the nomination of a Biy.

Yesim Khan moved the capital of the Kazakh khanate from Sygnak to Turkestan..

Characteristics
Like his brother tauyekel, Yesim Khan showed a serious interest in religion. In the capital of the Kazakh state, the city of Turkestan, he patronized Muslim education, Islamic scientists. In 1625, the famous scientist Abulgazy Bahadur, expelled from Khiva, came to Turkestan and was surrounded by the care of the Khan. The laws of Yesim Khan ("ESIM hannyn Eski Zholy"), as well as the laws of Kasym and Tauke, were created on the local Hanafi law.