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Introduction
Social neuroscience has an increasing interest on the social phenotype of Williams syndrome (ws) due to its well defined genetic basis and pro-social behavior dimensions. Williams syndrome also known as Williams-Beuren syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder with an estimated prevalence of 1: 20,000 to 1: 7,500 births. It is caused by microdeletion of more than 20 genes on the long arm of chromosome 7 and characterized by notable distinctive physical, neurological, cognitive and social phenotype abnormalities evolving from early childhood. Individuals with Williams syndrome exhibits mild to moderate intellectual difficulties, uneven cognitive profile with relative strength in verbal processing, certain aspects of languages, high musical ability and weakness in nonverbal processing and visuospatial skills ,they are also characterized with an ‘elfin’ facial appearance, 79% experience congenital heart disease mostly due to the deletion of the Elastin gene , some of the missing genes have be identified and studied.The most commonly noted phenotype is the social profile which is characterize by hyper sociability, approachability and positive social outlook. Individuals with Williams syndrome display enhanced processing of social stimuli over non-social stimuli, increased social gaze and drive toward strangers, heighten emotional personality, empathy and friendliness. The social disposition of individuals with Williams syndrome is present throughout the individual lifespan, starting at an early stage in childhood 64% of parents and teachers reported the over friendly nature of the child towards adults including unfamiliar people and evidence of distinct lack of restraint in social context. The social profile of Williams syndrome can be used in explaining the complex brain changes in social regions, cognition; social learning processing, and socially relevant attributes and impacts.

Socially related brain regions
Generally individuals with Williams syndrome have decreased brain size and volume compared to typical developing individuals and the neural mechanism for this phenotype is unknown due to the fact impairment in the intellectual capacity is also associated in williams syndrome which limits comparison to typical developing groups. magnetic resonance imaging studies illustrated reduction and enhancement of certain brain regions and certain pattern of proportional preservation. Results gotten from various research studies has advocated that the social phenotype of williams syndrome can be linked to the structural and functional abnormalities present in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. The social disposition in individuals with williams syndrome; the atypical social approach behaviors (SAB) comprises of high rate of approachability, hyper sociability and heighten emotional personality can be explain using two hypothesis; the amygdala hypothesis and the frontal lobe hypothesis.

Amygdala hypothesis
The amygdala hypothesis advocate that atypically larger volume in the amygdala and preceding amygdala dysfunction and its connection with the orbitofrontal cortex play a key role in the causation of social approaching behavior and hyper social behaviour in individuals with williams syndrome. In social cognition, the interaction between the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and amygdala are link to sensory representation of social judgement. The amygdala which is part of the limbic system guides socio- emotional behaviour, its primary role involve the processing of memory, decision-making and emotional reactions such as identification of facial expression of emotions and allocation of appropriate social judgement based on the identification. Using several researches and findings proposed Individuals with williams syndrome indicate greater amygdala reactivity generally, reduced amygdala reactivity in response to threatening faces and display an enhanced reactivity to happy expression suggesting that decreased activation in the amygdala in individuals with williams syndrome towards threatening faces explains the reduced reaction to social danger, limit social inhibition and high rate of approachability which is significantly due to the increased amygdala volume and positively related to the right amygdala volume. However, several inconsistent results regarding the volume and gray matter density have been established using structural magnetic resonance neuroimaging which led to the need for further investigation.

The frontal lobe hypothesis
The frontal lobe hypothesis postulates that abnormal connection existing in the prefrontal cortex particularly the orbitofrontal cortex is also responsible for the williams syndrome social phenotype. Study conducted by Mobbs et al (2007) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) investigated the activation in the frontal lobe of williams syndrome group and illustrated reduced frontostriatal activation compared to typical developing group during an inhibition response task .Heightened approachability evidenced in Williams syndrome is also linked to the impaired response inhibition by the frontal lobe. Research study have illustrated significant reduction of activity in the striatum, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (DACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DIPFC).

Cognition; social cognition
Williams syndrome group exhibit uneven cognitive profile, individuals with williams syndrome demonstrates relative strength in certain aspects of language, social interaction but display weakness in many non- linguistic functions such as spatial cognition processing, numbers, certain aspect of executive functions among others. Due to the social disposition such as, over friendliness, high approachability, affectionate present in williams syndrome group. Individuals with williams syndrome displays bias in learning processing by focusing more on faces and eyes of individuals, engaging in the use of highly expressive language and display some level of insensibility towards negative emotional signal. Several researchers have provided evidence suggesting that individuals with williams syndrome follows a different developmental pathway compared to typical developing groups with regards to language acquisition, certain cognitive milestones and speech production. Toddlers with williams syndrome experience early onset delay in these areas and acquires words differently. The neural mechanism underlying these characteristics are remain to be explained. However various researchers have explored the preverbal communication, joint attention skills in williams syndrome group in the explanation of the learning processing and language acquisition. A crucial aspect of cognitive, learning and language acquisition processes involve the use of joint attention. Joint attention is the ability to engage in triadic co-ordination between two individuals (a child and parent/teacher) and an external object initiated from a dyad; face to face interaction between the individuals. Typical developing group, children engages in triadic exchange early before 18 months, however children with williams syndrome experienced delay and difficulty in engaging in triadic interaction, triadic exchange enhance non- verbal act and cognitive process such as direction of gaze to external objects, pointing and attention shifting which are crucial for social cognition development and the acquisition of language. Children with williams syndrome experience difficulties in comprehending or producing triadic interaction which is likely because of the extreme attention paid on the other individual disregarding the objects and also the visuospatial construction problem associated with williams syndrome. Due to the hyper social nature of williams syndrome, children with williams syndrome spend significant amount of time focused on faces rather than non-social stimuli which result in the bias of processing social information over non-social information. During cognitive task, toddler with williams syndrome are preoccupied with the experimenter at the expense of the object (toy) which interferes with the task administration .Strategies regarding how to educate children with williams syndrome was developed by Karen Levine, some of the strategies involves the use of frequent breaks in between works, redirecting attention, the use of role play, stories and most importantly incorporating some of the learning requirement into music and capitalizing on the auditory memory of the children. Several studies have indicated that individuals with WS have relative strength in auditory rote memory, they were able to recall more verbal items compared to control group on the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test.

Social profile and impact
The social profile in williams syndrome group was first noted by Arnim & Engel (1964), little is known on the genetic factors, neural mechanisms and environmental influences underlying these atypical social behaviors .The most notable social behavior of the williams syndrome group include their hyper social nature, extreme interest in interaction with others and people-oriented. Children with williams syndrome from an early age display consistent characteristic of hyper sociability, heighten prevalence of attention, enhance emotional display and difficulty and heightened anxiety , they also faces challenges with impulsiveness, control and attention which intensify with age. The social and personality profile is less studied compared to other williams syndrome profile. The social profile of williams syndrome exhibit many paradox such as individuals with williams syndrome are highly sociable, display gregarious personality and approachable to both familiar and unfamiliar face, however they also exhibit heighten anxiety in social and non-social context, experience difficulties in adjusting socially, forming and sustaining friendship/relationship with peer. Individuals with williams syndrome in comparison with individuals with other syndromes illustrated significant approachability, higher level of concern (empathy) for others and are easily distracted. However these social profile leave individuals with williams syndrome valuable to risks and threats; they demonstrate difficulties in making trust evaluation, exhibit decreased awareness for danger, lack of social judgement and in need for constant supervision. Researches have indicated individuals with williams syndrome are socially isolated 73%, experienced limited or no significant intimate relationships, 96% experienced difficulties in making friends and 76% had few or no friends ,they are socially inflexible which predispose them to employment difficulties, abuse and bullying. Researchers have proposed the social salience hypothesis in the explanation of the friendly and sociable nature of individuals with williams syndrome by capitalizing on their high approachability to faces (happy expression) compared to typical developing individuals. However results gotten from experiments advocated for the consideration of the importance of emotion recognition abilities which also play a role in the social approach behavior in williams syndrome group. Few recent studies have investigated the relationship between the social functioning and anxiety level present in williams syndrome group and found a positive correlation between the severity of anxiety and deficits in general social functions. The higher the anxiety level, the more deficit experienced in the social cognition, social awareness and social communication.

Conclusion
Williams syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder which is characterized by distinctive and uneven phenotypes. The social phenotype is the most notable phenotype which influences all aspect of the individual life both biologically in terms of brain changes, cognition and learning processing, socially in terms of relationships, communication and interaction with society. The social profile of williams syndrome exhibit paradoxical characteristics of gregarious personality, hyper sociability, people - oriented, heighten emotional display and approachability, ironically also exhibit and valuable to anxiety; social and situational anxiety, social isolation, abuse and bullying. However several supporting programs and foundations of williams syndrome have assisted and aided children/ individuals with williams syndrome educationally, socially, and provides resources  to enable them live life to the fullness.