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Tutchone language From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Southern Tutchone language) Tutchone Native to 	Canada Region 	Yukon Ethnicity 	2,500 (1,100 Northern Tutchone, 1,400 Southern Tutchone; 2007)[1] Native speakers 350 (2011 census)[1] Language family Dené–Yeniseian?

Na-Dené Athabaskan–Eyak Athabaskan Northern Athabaskan Tutchone

Language codes ISO 639-3 	Either: tce – Southern ttm – Northern Glottolog 	tutc1236[2]

Tutchone is a Athabaskan language spoken by the Northern and Southern Tutchone First Nations in central and southern regions of Yukon Territory, Canada. Tutchone belongs to the Northern Athabaskan linguistic subfamily and has two primary varieties, Southern and Northern. Although they are sometimes considered separate languages, Northern and Southern Tutchone speakers are generally able to understand each other in conversation, albeit with moderate difficulty.[3]

Southern Tutchone is spoken in the Yukon communities of Burwash Landing, Champagne and Aishihik, Haines Junction, Kloo Lake, Klukshu, Lake Laberge, and Whitehorse.[4]

Northern Tutchone is spoken in the Yukon communities of Mayo, Pelly Crossing, Stewart Crossing, Carmacks, and Beaver Creek.[5]

Contents

1 Phonology 1.1 Northern Tutchone 1.1.1 Consonants 1.1.2 Vowels 1.2 Southern Tutchone 1.2.1 Consonants[7] 1.2.2 Vowels 2 Dialects 3 Vocabulary comparison 4 Revitalization efforts 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 External links

Phonology Northern Tutchone

The consonants and vowels of Northern Tutchone and their orthography are as follows:[6] Consonants Labial 	Inter- dental 	Alveolar 	Post- alveolar 	Retroflex 	Velar 	Glottal central 	lateral 	Plain 	Labialized Nasal 	[m] 	m 		[n] 	n Stop 			[t] [tʰ] 	d t 				[k] [kʰ] 	g k 	[kʷ] [kʷʰ] 	gw kw 	[ʔ] ʼ [tʼ] 	t’ 				[kʼ] 	k’ 	[kʷʼ] 	kw’ [ᵐb] 	mb 		[ⁿd] 	nd Affricate 		[tθ] [tθʰ] 	ddh tth 	[ts] [tsʰ] 	dz ts 	[tɬ] [tɬʰ] 	dl tl 	[tʃ] [tʃʰ] 	j ch [tθʼ] 	tth’ 	[tsʼ] 	ts’ 	[tɬʼ] 	tl’ 	[tʃʼ] 	ch’ [ⁿdʒ] 	nj Fricative 		[θ] [ð] 	th dh 	[s] [z] 	s z 	[ɬ] [ɮ] 	ł l 	[ʃ] [ʒ] 	sh zh 		[x] [ɣ] 	kh gh 	[xʷ] [ɣʷ] 	khw ghw 	[h] 	h Approximant 					[j] 	y 	[ɻ] 	r 	[w] 	w Vowels Front 	Central 	Back High 	[i] i 		[u] u Mid 	[e] e 	[ə] ä 	[o] o Low 	[a] a

Vowels are differentiated for nasalization and high, mid, and low tone.

Nazalized: į, ų, ę, ą̈, ǫ, ą

High Tone: í, ú, é, ä́, ó, á

Mid Tone: ī, ū, ē, ǟ, ō, ā

Low Tone: unmarked Southern Tutchone Consonants[7] Labial 	Inter- dental 	Alveolar 	Post- alveolar 	Velar 	Glottal central 	lateral 	Plain 	Labialized Nasal 	[m] 	m 		[n] 	n Stop 			[t] [tʰ] 	d t 			[k] [kʰ] 	g k 	[kʷ] [kʷʰ] 	gw kw 	[ʔ] ʼ [tʼ] 	t’ 			[kʼ] 	k’ 	[kʷʼ] 	kw’ [ᵐb] 	mb 		[ⁿd] 	nd Affricate 		[tθ] [tθʰ] 	ddh tth 	[ts] [tsʰ] 	dz ts 	[tɬ] [tɬʰ] 	dl tl 	[tʃ] [tʃʰ] 	j ch [tθʼ] 	tth’ 	[tsʼ] 	ts’ 	[tɬʼ] 	tl’ 	[tʃʼ] 	ch’ [ⁿdʒ] 	nj Fricative 		[θ] [ð] 	th dh 	[s] [z] 	s z 	[ɬ] [ɮ] 	ł l 	[ʃ] [ʒ] 	sh zh 	[x] [ɣ] 	kh gh 	[xʷ] [ɣʷ] 	khw ghw 	[h] 	h Approximant 			[ɹ] 	r 		[j] 	y 	[w] 	w Vowels Front 	Central 	Back High 	[i] i 	[ɨ] ü 	[u] u Mid 	[e] e 	[ə] ä 	[o] o Low 	[a] a

Vowels are differentiated for nasalization and high, mid, and low tone.

Nazalized: į, ų, ų̈, ę, ą̈, ǫ, ą

High Tone: í, ú, ǘ, é, ä́, ó, á

Mid Tone: ī, ū, ǖ, ē, ǟ, ō, ā Dialects

Southern (Dän kʼè)

Aishihik dialect Tàaʼan dialect Klukshu dialect Kluane dialect

Northern (Dän kʼí)

Big Salmon dialect Pelly Crossing dialect Mayo dialect White River dialect

Vocabulary comparison

The comparison of some words in the two languages.[8] Northern 	Southern 	meaning łu ¹ ~ łyok ² 	łu 	fish łígī 	łä̀chʼi 	one łä́ki 	łä̀ki 	two tadechʼi 	tayke 	three łénínchʼi 	dùkʼwän 	four hulákʼo 	kä̀jän 	five èkúm 	ä́kų̀ 	my house ninkúm 	nkų̀ 	your (sg.) house ukúm 	ukų̀ 	his/her house dàkúm 	dákų̀ 	our house dàkúm 	dákų̀ 	your (pl.) house huukúm 	kwäkų̀ / kukų̀ 	their house

¹ Big Salmon dialect ² Pelly Crossing dialect

Revitalization efforts

Tutchone is considered to be an endangered language, as its speaker population is shifting rapidly to English. In a 2011 census, Northern Tutchone was reported to have 210 speakers, and Southern Tutchone 140 speakers.[9][10] Additionally, in a 2016 Census on Languages Spoken in the Home, Southern Tutchone has no speakers who use Southern Tutchone exclusively in the home.

Tutchone language classes have been taught in Yukon schools since the early 1980ʼs. Southern Tutchone language classes are included in the curriculum for students grades K-12 in schools at Kluane Lake, and three elementary schools in Whitehorse have language programs for Southern Tutchone. The St. Elias Community School in Haines Junction also offers Southern Tutchone language classes to students from K-12: one teacher handles K-4, another grades 5-12.[11] '''Extensive work has been done by Yukon Native Language Center for Southern Tutchone since 1984 in order to develop a curriculum for Southern Tutchone. These work efforts have been primarily focused on affecting schools and the language becoming integrated in learning outcomes. '''

In 2009, kindergarten classes in Haines Junction began learning Southern Tuchone in a bi-cultural program.[12] In popular culture

Jerry Alfred's "Etsi Shon" (Grandfather song), sung in Northern Tuchone, won a Juno Award in the Best Aboriginal Album category in 1996.[13][14]

Since 2011 the Adäka Cultural Festival, an annual multi-disciplinary arts and culture festival, has been held in Whitehorse. Celebrating First Nations arts and culture, with a specific focus on Yukon First Nations, 'Adäka', in the Southern Tutchone language, means 'coming into the light'.[15] References

Southern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) Northern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Tutchone". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Krauss, M. E. and V. Golla. (1981). Northern Athapaskan Languages. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 6: Subarctic, ed. by June Helm, 67–85. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. "Did you know Southern Tutchone is severely endangered?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-11-01. "Did you know Northern Tutchone is severely endangered?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-11-01. McClellan, Catharine (1978). "Tutchone". Handbook of North American Indians: Subarctic. Government Printing Office. p. 493. ISBN 9780160045783. Cruikshank, Julie. 1991. p. xvi http://www.firstvoices.com/en/Southern-Tutchone "Tutchone, Northern". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-11-01. "Tutchone, Southern". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-11-01. Yukon First Nations Education Resources. (2015). First Nations programs & partnerships. Web. www.yesnet.yk.ca "Launch of Southern Tutchone Bi-cultural School Program" (PDF). Yukon Government News Release. 2009-10-15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-08. Retrieved 2012-11-27. Lynn Van Matre (1966-08-01). "Jerry Alfred & the Medicine Beat Etsi Shon". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2012-11-27. "Juno Awards Database". junoawards.ca. Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 20 January 2012. External link in |work= (help) "Adäka Cultural Festival". Travel Yukon. Retrieved 13 November 2016.