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Article Evaluation

Symbolic Racism

Consequences :

Within American society, institutionalized practices have been influenced by Structural Racism resulting in "the subordination and devaluation of minority groups". [14] In history, the solution for the deficit in the achievement gap between White and African American students believed that African Americans would academically perform better if these students were to adopt a Eurocentric cultural values system. This assumption of the inferiority of the African American culture closely relates to the work ethic themes from the concept of symbolic racism.

Margaret Beale Spencer, Elizabeth Noll, Jill Stoltzfus & Vinay Harpalani (2001) Identity and School Adjustment: Revisiting the "Acting White" Assumption, Educational Psychologist, 36:1, 21-30, DOI: 10.1207/S15326985EP3601_3

Consequences

It is argued that the media framing of Obama has helped shaped many audiences' attitudes in ways that support symbolic racist beliefs, such as the idea that America is in a post racial contemporary society where discrimination is no longer a concern or that racial/minority groups are being "too pushy" for political rights. When comparing positively framed news stories to negatively framed stories of Obama, it was seen in a study of 168 participants that symbolic racist beliefs increased.

Srividya Ramasubramanian & Amanda R. Martinez (2017) News Framing of Obama, Racialized Scrutiny, and Symbolic Racism, Howard Journal of Communications, 28:1, 36-54, DOI: 10.1080/10646175.2016.1235519

Consequences

In more recent history, many African American musical artists who specialize in rap have been blamed for promoting youth violence, gangs and gang related crime, drug use, and violence against women in popular news sources such as BBC News and Fox News. In the study Blame It on Hip Hop: Anti-Rap Attitudes as a Proxy for Prejudice, Reyna et al. found in three different samples a negative attitude towards rap is associated with negative stereotypes that believe African Americans are to be blamed for their economic plights. The type of rap that was looked at was categorized as gangster rap, which is notorious for its violent undertones and explicit language. Along with this, in their second study they found that Anti-rap attitudes are also associated with discrimination towards African Americans such as tendency to support policies that negatively impact predominantly black communities or reluctance to send one's child to a mixed race school. Conversely, other predominantly black genres of music such as jazz or gospel were not shown to elicit the same strong reactions, so it is believed that the imagery associated with rap music is a primary reason for common distaste in the music.

Reyna, C., Brandt, M., & Tendayi Viki, G. (2009). Blame It on Hip-Hop: Anti-Rap Attitudes as a Proxy for Prejudice. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 12(3), 361–380. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430209102848

All uploaded !!!!
Other Applications

Examples of symbolic racism also exist in Europe, as Public Support for the European Union: Cost/Benefit Analysis or Perceived Cultural Threat? (McLaren) argues that people are hostile towards the European integration due to the their perceptions of threats posed by other cultures. In this study, the independent variables to be gauged were the realistic and symbolic perceptions. The response choices for the questions given to his participants were dichotomous for each of these variables. The choices were :


 * People from [these] minority groups abuse the system of social benefits.
 * The religious practices of people from [these] minority groups threaten our way of life.

The findings of the questions for his participants demonstrated that perceived cultural threats appeared to have a strong sway on the attitudes toward the EU. It was concluded that attitudes toward the European Union were largely based on a general hostility towards other cultures.

Lauren M. McLaren, "Public Support for the European Union: Cost/Benefit Analysis or Perceived Cultural Threat?," The Journal of Politics 64, no. 2 (May, 2002): 551-566. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.00139

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1111/1468-2508.00139

(https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4899-0818-6_4)

(https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/0162-895X.00281)

Sources to re-look at:

https://www.dropbox.com/s/qphz9lxy6pxni1k/final_submission_reny_etal_poq_public.pdf?dl=0

For these sources - be VERY careful about the obvious bias.

https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/10/16/17980820/trump-obama-2016-race-racism-class-economy-2018-midterm

https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/12/15/16781222/trump-racism-economic-anxiety-study

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/12/15/racial-resentment-is-why-41-percent-of-white-millennials-voted-for-trump-in-2016/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.b4c0fdc29318

http://www.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/articles/just-how-many-obama-2012-trump-2016-voters-were-there/