User:BChinphmd/Polystyrene sulfonate

Side Effects:

Pregnancy: Polystyrene sulfonate is not absorbed systemically from oral or rectal administration.

Side effects
Intestinal disturbances are common, including loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. In rare cases, it has been associated with colonic necrosis. Changes in electrolyte blood levels such as hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, and hypokalemia may occur. Polystyrene sulfonates should not be used in people with obstructive bowel disease and in newborns with reduced gut motility.

Intestinal injury
A total of 58 cases of intestinal injury including necrosis of the colon have been reported with polystyrene sulfonate as of 2013. Well more cases have been reported when used in combination with sorbitol and other cases have occurred when used alone.

Interactions
Polystyrene sulfonates can bind to various drugs within the digestive tract and thus lower their absorption and effectiveness. Common examples include lithium, thyroxine, and digitalis. In September 2017, the FDA recommended separating the dosing of polystyrene sulfonate from any other oral medications by at least three hours to avoid any potential interactions.

Pregnancy
Polystyrene sulfonate is not systemically absorbed from both the oral or rectal routes of administration. Classified as pregnancy category C, no animal studies have been performed but no risk to fetus is expected.