User:BD2412/Vaccine law resources/Mandates


 * Plague at the Golden Gate, 42:00 to 58:32

N.C. Gen.Stat. Ann. § 131E–79.2
N.C. Gen.Stat. Ann. § 131E–79.2 (2017) (requiring hospitals to tell parents of newborns about pertussis disease and the available vaccine). Nat'l Inst. Advocates & Life Advocates v. Becerra, 138 S.Ct. 2361, 201 L.Ed.2d 835 (2018)

OSHA, NLRB
/OSHA


 * Sharon Masling, Kathleen Sanzo, Jonathan Snare, Susan Feigin Harris (Morgan Lewis) COVID-19 VACCINES: CONSIDERATIONS FOR US EMPLOYERS (November 9, 2020)

"[I]n a 2009 letter of interpretation, OSHA previously said that employers that wished to require employees to receive a seasonal flu vaccine could do so, subject to certain exceptions.

OSHA emphasized that employees need to be properly informed of the benefits of the vaccinations. It clarified that if employees refuse the vaccine due to a reasonable belief that they have a medical condition creating a real danger of serious illness or death (for example, a serious reaction to the vaccine), they may be protected as a whistleblower under Section 11(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act).

Regarding the COVID-19 vaccine, there is some speculation in the legal community that OSHA may use the OSH Act’s so-called General Duty Clause to issue citations to employers that fail to offer COVID-19 vaccines."


 * - OSHA 2009 letter of interpretation
 * - OSHA General Duty Clause 29 U.S.C. 654(5)(a)(1) requires every employer to "furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees". This may be read as requiring that employers establish vaccination protocols intended to protect employees from exposure to harmful or deadly diseases.

"Section 7 of the NLRA grants employees the right to engage in “concerted activities” for the purpose of “mutual aid and protection.” This provision may protect the rights of employees who engage in concerted activities with regard to a mandatory workplace vaccine. Examples of protected activities could include protesting against a mandatory vaccination policy, organized office communications or flyers among coworkers concerning a vaccination mandate, or simply coworker discussions about the vaccine."

EEOC

 * EEOC, Pandemic Preparedness in the Workplace and the Americans with Disabilities Act (updated as of March 21, 2020; prior to COVID-19 vaccine approvals)
 * 13. May an employer covered by the ADA and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 compel all of its employees to take the influenza vaccine regardless of their medical conditions or their religious beliefs during a pandemic?
 * No. An employee may be entitled to an exemption from a mandatory vaccination requirement based on an ADA disability that prevents him from taking the influenza vaccine. This would be a reasonable accommodation barring undue hardship (significant difficulty or expense). Similarly, under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, once an employer receives notice that an employee’s sincerely held religious belief, practice, or observance prevents him from taking the influenza vaccine, the employer must provide a reasonable accommodation unless it would pose an undue hardship as defined by Title VII ("more than de minimis cost" to the operation of the employer’s business, which is a lower standard than under the ADA). Equal Employment Opportunity Comm’n, EEOC Compliance Manual Section 12: Religious Discrimination 56-65 (2008), https://www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/religion.pdf.
 * Generally, ADA-covered employers should consider simply encouraging employees to get the influenza vaccine rather than requiring them to take it. *As of the date this document is being issued, there is no vaccine available for COVID-19.

2020/2021

 * EEOC, What You Should Know About COVID-19 and the ADA, the Rehabilitation Act, and Other EEO Laws (December 16, 2020)


 * Jon Hyman, Who pays for employer mandated COVID-19 tests? (August 5, 2020)
 * Cites 1997 opinion letter of the Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division:

"[A]ttendance by an employee at a meeting during or outside of working hours for the purpose of submitting to a mandatory drug test imposed by the employer would constitute hours worked for FLSA purposes, as would attendance at a licensing physical examination during or outside of normal working hours."


 * Concludes same would apply to mandatory COVID-19 testing.


 * Yes, I Know it’s a Pandemic, But What About ERISA?!?!?!?, Seyfarth (December 23, 2020):
 * "A stand-alone COVID vaccination program, if offered on a voluntary basis, would not comply with [ACA] mandates".
 * Employers already enrolled in such plans should be ok.
 * "CARES Act mandates all group health plans to provide coverage for the COVID-19 vaccine".


 * EEOC, Pandemic Preparedness in the Workplace and the Americans with Disabilities Act (March 21, 2020 update)


 * McGuire Woods, CDC Publishes New COVID-19 Vaccination Guidance for the Workplace (February 2, 2021)
 * Contact health departments to insure vaccination plan complies with state law
 * CDC says mandates are a matter of state law; employer can't require medical info as part of proof
 * Maintain social distancing after vaccination; stagger scheduling of vaccinations; offer even if employees have already had COVID


 * Saul Ewing Arnstein & Lehr, Frequently Asked Questions on Workplace Vaccine Policies (December 23, 2020)
 * "no federal or state laws that prohibit employers from requiring vaccinations as a condition of employment"
 * Ability of employers to mandate EUA vaccine is unclear; reasonable to conclude that they can.
 * Direct threat = 1) duration of risk; 2) nature/severity of harm; 3) likelihood of harm; 4 imminence of harm
 * Notes 2009 OSHA H1N1 guidance.
 * Employer can ask if employee has been vaccinated, and can request proof.


 * Mayer Brown, Mandatory COVID-19 Vaccination Policies: 10 Issues US Employers Should Consider (January 6, 2021) - generally covers the employer mandate questions, EEOC, ADA, GINA, NLRA, adverse events, permissible to mandate for only some employees


 * Christine A. Samsel, Peter M. Goodloe, Can Employers Mandate COVID-19 Vaccines? Likely Not (Yet), Given Current FDA Emergency Use Authorization Status (March 03, 2021)
 * Seem to think the answer is no. Discusses EEOC Guidance and FDA procedures, including streamlining in the EUA process, but does not note COVID-19-specific EUA process modifications. Notes Legarreta v. Fernando Macias, et al., Case 2:21-cv-00179 (DNM Feb. 28, 2021).


 * Kristalyn Lee, et al., Pitfalls with COVID-19 Vaccination Incentives (March 4, 2021)
 * "Notwithstanding state or local regulations that provide otherwise, employers can generally make vaccinations a mandatory condition of employment so long as employers accommodate exemptions on the basis of a sincerely held religious belief or disability"; notes reticence of employers to do so.
 * Questions over incentives; employers should offer an alternative path to the incentive for non-vaccinating employees, "such as attending a COVID-19 training during working hours".
 * Wage and hour obligations; paying nonexempt employees to be vaccinated may by itself "trigger overtime or expense reimbursement obligations".
 * HIPAA nondiscrimination regulations: incentive can not be related to or paid out of employer's existing medical plan, or these regs are invoked. For such programs, "question as to whether the program would be considered a participatory program or an activity-only, health-contingent program". If so, incentive is limited to 30% of plan cost, and non-vaccinating must have some reasonable alternative to receive it.


 * Group Health Plans and COVID-19 Vaccine Considerations (March 9, 2021)
 * Melissa Legault, Considerations for Employers Contemplating Incentive Programs to Encourage Employees to Receive the COVID-19 Vaccine (US) (March 10, 2021)
 * Brent I. Clark, et al., So Your Employee Got Their COVID-19 Vaccination – What does that Mean for Inter-Personal Relations With Other Employees, Clients, and Customers (March 8, 2021)
 * CDC, When You’ve Been Fully Vaccinated
 * Rachel M. LaBruyere & Anne R. Yuengert, Vaccinations Offer Hope, But What Should Employers Consider When Designing COVID-19 Vaccine Incentive Programs? (March 9, 2021)
 * Jerry L. Stovall, A Few Things to Consider if You Are Thinking of Requiring Your Employees to Get the COVID-19 Vaccine (February 2021)
 * Top 10 things biotech employers need to know about COVID-19 vaccines and returning to the office (February 15, 2021)
 * Brent I. Clark, et al., CDC Says Fully Vaccinated People May Skip Covid Quarantines (February 11, 2021)


 * Patrick Crowl, Edward Meyer, Can a Healthcare Provider Require Employees to Take a COVID-19 Vaccine? (February 10, 2021)
 * EEOC implies yes, with Title VII and ADA accommodations
 * Employers who do the administering (likely in healthcare industry) must avoid disability-related questions unless "job-related and consistent with business necessity" (i.e. direct threat if not answered for purposes of vaccinating)


 * Robin Shea, Employer-mandated COVID vaccines: Five reservations (February 12, 2021)
 * 1. Employers encouraged to have third-party administration to avoid medical inquiries
 * 2. Employers required to accommodate


 * Evandro Gigante, Harris Mufson, Arielle E. Kobetz, Alex Downie and Julia Hollreiser, New York State Passes Bill Granting Employees Paid Time Off for COVID-19 Vaccinations (March 8, 2021)
 * Employers must provide "a sufficient period of time, not to exceed four hours" per dose.
 * May be waived by a collective bargaining agreement specifically referencing the provision.
 * Note: Bill is S2588A/A3354B


 * Group Health Plans and COVID-19 Vaccine Considerations (March 9, 2021)
 * Affordable Care Act (ACA) requires group health plans/insurers to cover certain preventive care services without cost sharing.
 * CARES act required COVID-19 vaccination coverage "within 15 business days after a vaccine receives an “A” or “B” recommendation" from the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), and within 15 days of ACIP recommendation and CDC adoption.
 * COVID-19 vaccines must be covered irrespective of whether the provider is in or out of network.


 * Melissa Legault, Considerations for Employers Contemplating Incentive Programs to Encourage Employees to Receive the COVID-19 Vaccine (US) (March 10, 2021)
 * Cash incentives for receiving the vaccination "may qualify as nondiscretionary bonuses under the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”) and state law, and would therefore need to be calculated into a nonexempt employee’s regular rate of pay when calculating overtime compensation".
 * Notes ADA, GINA, Title VII


 * Rachel M. LaBruyere & Anne R. Yuengert, Vaccinations Offer Hope, But What Should Employers Consider When Designing COVID-19 Vaccine Incentive Programs? (March 9, 2021)
 * Non-vaccinating employees due to disability/religion should be offered an alternative means to obtain incentives.
 * Incentive program may qualify as a wellness program that "implicates HIPAA's non-discrimination provisions [or] GINA's prohibition against employers using genetic information to make decisions related to the terms, conditions, and privileges of employment".


 * Jerry L. Stovall, Jr., A Few Things to Consider if You Are Thinking of Requiring Your Employees to Get the COVID-19 Vaccine (February 2021)
 * Notes ADA/Title VII accommodation; FLSA compensability of time spent getting vaccinated; Worker's Comp/Civil Liability; wellness program may run afoul of EEOC guidelines.


 * Nathan A. Adams IV, Can the Private Sector Prefer Vaccinated Consumers or Exclude the Unvaccinated? (March 26, 2021)
 * Title III of the ADA (42 U.S.C. § 12102(1)) protects access to places of public accommodation for disabled consumers.
 * Owners must make reasonable accommodations for the disabled; if plaintiff proves reasonableness of accommodation, burden shifts to defendant to prove that it would render a "fundamental alteration", which is a "modification that is so significant that it alters the essential nature of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages or accommodations offered".
 * Direct threat standard applies.


 * Tony Oncidi, Philippe A. Lebel and Dylan K. Tedford, You Get a Shot, and You Get a Shot! California Paves the Way for Mandatory Vaccination Policies (March 18, 2021)
 * California Department of Fair Employment and Housing ("DFEH") released a COVID-19 employment FAQ largely tracking EEOC guidance in allowing employers to mandate COVID-19 vaccination


 * Rob Thomas, Take COVID-19 Vaccine or Else: Legal Pitfalls for Employers (Colorado; March 18, 2021)
 * CO workplace health whistleblower protections could be invoked by an employee deeming mandatory vaccination unsafe; excludes protection for information dispensed "with reckless disregard for [its] truth or falsity".
 * CO law also prohibits retaliation against employees for lawful off-work advocacy, including anti-vaccine advocacy
 * CO religious protections are broad and apply to all employers irrespective of size


 * Otto Immel, Lindsey Davis, Kaitlin Phillips, Brenna M. Wildt, FAQs Regarding Employer COVID-19 Vaccination Policies and Practices (March 17, 2021)
 * EUA --> full licensure likely by end of year
 * Companies can legally have hybrid policies specific to different sectors/risks by job site/type
 * Incentivization can implicate ADA, GINA, ERISA, FLSA, HIPAA, state/local law
 * Employers can require documentation of vaccination, but only that; treat like protected health info
 * "no general duty to accommodate an overall fear of returning to work"


 * Amanda J. Dernovshek, Julie L. Hamlet and Mindi M. Johnson, Incentivizing Employees to Obtain COVID-19 Vaccines (April 8, 2021)
 * Notes unclear guidance, de minimis incentives
 * HIPAA limits wellness program incentives to "30% of the total cost of health plan coverage"
 * Incentive program must include reasonable accomodations
 * Requesting proof of vaccination is not a disability-related inquiry under the ADA; employer may collect and disclose


 * Brent I. Clark, James L. Curtis, Adam R. Young, Patrick D. Joyce, and Craig B. Simonsen, OSHA Advises Employers Not to Record Adverse Reactions From Voluntary COVID-19 Vaccines on the 300 Log (April 23, 2021)
 * Adverse reactions to mandatory vaccines are still OSHA-reportable.
 * Individual states may impose more restrictive reporting requirements.


 * John O'Connor and Kimberly Ross, Chicago Enacts Vaccination Anti-Retaliation and Rights Ordinance (April 26, 2021)
 * Employee right to obtain COVID vaccination on company time; applies to all employers, regardless of company size
 * Employee can use sick leave or accrued paid leave; otherwise, unpaid
 * Employer cannot take adverse action against employee who gets vaccinated on company time


 * BBC News, Miami school bars vaccinated teachers from seeing students (April 27, 2021)


 * Ashlea A. Edwards, Zarra R. Elias, and Beth Alcalde, Considering Incentives for Employee COVID-19 Vaccines – Tips and Traps (April 21, 2021)
 * "employer-sponsored group health plans are paying for the full cost of the vaccines themselves, as well as the administration charges"
 * "affirmative obligation to maintain a safe workplace"
 * "legally pre-approved incentive program designs" have not been promulgated by agencies
 * balance is between incentives strong enough to encourage vaccination, but not so strong as to become coercive
 * max incentive under HIPAA is "30 percent of the total cost of employee-only coverage, or 30 percent of the total cost of coverage for employees and dependents"
 * notes HIPAA, ERISA, ADA, GINA issues


 * HHS’ OCR Announces Enforcement Discretion for HIPAA Noncompliance Relating to Online COVID-19 Vaccination Appointment Scheduling Applications (February 25, 2021) - OCR will exercise enforcement discretion re: HIPAA applied to "good faith use of online or web-based scheduling applications for scheduling COVID-19 vaccination appointments"; OCR will not penalize noncompliance during the emergency


 * COVID-19: EEOC Withdraws Proposed Rules on Employer Wellness Incentives, Leaving Uncertain the Permissibility of COVID-19 Vaccination Incentives (February 17, 2021) - "employees who cannot get the vaccine might be asked to watch a COVID-19 safety video or attend a COVID-19 class in order to obtain the same incentive that vaccinated employees receive"

2022
In the 2022 case of Costello v. Fond du Lac Reservation, No. A22-0218 (Minn. App., August 15, 2022), an employee fired for nonvaccination was found to have been fired for misconduct and therefore not eligible for unemployment benefits.
 * Minnesota
 * Costello v. Fond du Lac Reservation, No. A22-0218 (Minn. App., August 15, 2022)
 * "Costello argues that her refusal to get the mandatory COVID-19 vaccine does not constitute employment misconduct because Fond Du Lac's mandatory vaccination policy is unreasonable. We disagree. In Potter v. St. Joseph's Med. Ctr., the relator was discharged from her position as a registered nurse after she refused to receive an influenza vaccination in violation of company policy. No. A18-0736, 2018 WL 6729836, at *1 (Minn.App. Dec. 24, 2018). On appeal, this court determined that "because it is a healthcare institution, [the employer] reasonably requires staff to get flu vaccinations for the maximum protection of patient health." Id. at *5 (quotation omitted). The court also noted that the employer's "vaccination policy provided exemption for those employees unable to be vaccinated for religious or medical reasons." Id. Thus, this court affirmed the ULJ's decision that the relator was ineligible for unemployment benefits because her refusal to comply with the employer's reasonable flu-vaccination mandate constituted disqualifying employment misconduct. Id."

Virginia Worker's Comp presumption bill

 * Virginia 2021 SPECIAL SESSION I, HOUSE BILL NO. 1985: A BILL to amend and reenact § 65.2-402.1 of the Code of Virginia, relating to workers' compensation; presumption as to death or disability of health care providers from COVID-19:
 * 2. The presumptions described in subsection B [of COVID-19 deaths being work related] shall not apply to any person offered by such person's employer a vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19 with an Emergency Use Authorization issued by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, unless the person's physician determines in writing that the immunization would pose a significant risk to the person's health. Absent such written declaration, failure or refusal by a person subject to the provisions of this section to undergo such immunization shall disqualify the person from the presumptions described in subsection B.

2/4 MWE
Can you mandate?

Should you mandate?
 * Legal implications
 * Employee benefits
 * Labor

Title VII; ADA; GINA; OSHA; ERISA; State/common law

Title VII - "sincerely held religious belief" = accommodation, unless "undue hardship" (more than de minimis cost/burden); may question religious nature/sincerity of objection.

ADA - "inquiries" must be job-related, accord with business necessity = accommodation, unless reasonable belief of "substantial risk of harm", or "undue hardship" (significant difficulty/expense)
 * Duration of risk
 * Nature/severity of harm
 * Likelihood of harm
 * Imminence of harm

GINA - can't request employee genetic information; EEOC says vaccine mandate does not implicate, but be careful when asking screening questions.

OSHA - no vaccination requirement at this time; §11(c) may protect non-vaccinating under whistleblower rights

ERISA - employer providing vaccine may create an ERISA plan, implicating obligations to cover other things; reporting requirement, Form 5500; make sure insurance covers that

Consider admin burden, legal risk, benefits
 * Must track compliance
 * Must manage accommodations
 * Take care to protect info
 * Continue masking/social distancing requirements
 * Denial of accommodation or inconsistent use of accommodations = possible litigation
 * Worker's Comp for adverse reactions
 * Benefits: Could reduce illness/absenteeism, put customers at ease

GINA/ADA information requests not implicated if employees sent to a non-contracted third party.

EEOC proposed rule: wellness programs must be "voluntary", incentives must be "de minimis". ADA/GINA also requires this.

Exclusion from workplace not necessarily the same as termination.

Under new administration, could be compensation for employers carrying out vaccination programs.

Offer to vaccination employee's families?

ERISA preemption - overrides some state and local laws.

Group Health Plans must cover costs of testing and vaccination.

Vaccination incentives may be taxed. Not if de minimis or an HSA contribution. Most incentives have been time off/days off. Yes, can give paid time off (which is taxable). HIPAA Compliance - fact of vaccination not an inquiry.
 * Based on proposed regs we do not know where the line is on incentives.

France and Germany = employees can not mandate vaccines under any circumstances.

2/9 Paycor Webinar
Litigation:
 * Failure to provide a safe working environment (incl. violation of state mask mandates and the like)
 * Age and disability discriminations
 * FMLA and other leave laws
 * Retaliation/whistleblower suits over safe workplaces (incl. violation of state mask mandates and the like)
 * Wage and hour litigation (e.g. exempt employees having to do non-exempt work; shutdown pay; telework expenses)

Yale survey: 72% of CEOs indicated willingness to consider vaccination mandates

Mandates
 * Looking at EEOC/OSHA guidance on flu vaccines promulgated during H1N1
 * Both permitted mandates, with EEOC exceptions for religious and medical exemptions, and OSHA prohibition on retaliation against medical exemptions
 * Current guidance: EEOC says no violation of fed law to mandate; "direct threat" standard; OSHA has not spoken on point yet, might support mandates
 * All of this is only Guidance (no force of law)
 * NLRA
 * Collective bargaining obligations may apply
 * No retaliation against employees opposed to mandates
 * Allow for medical/religious exemptions
 * Considerations: how essential is the industry? how exposed are workers?
 * Can "high-risk" employees be treated differently? Not if this constitutes age/disability discrimination.

Exemptions
 * Required for disability; must eliminate direct threat; not an undue hardship; may require documentation of disability/contraindication
 * Religious for "sincerely held" religious beliefs; may require documentation
 * Look up "Mark of the Beast" case in W.Va. coal mining
 * Accommodations can include exclusion from breakrooms/eating places (where people may unmask)
 * Consider "pregnancy" exemption

Risk of negligence claims is low, if employer is not also vaccine administrator

Employee refusal
 * Direct threat? Duty to accommodate? If no exemption applies, try engaging with employee; separation as last resort.

Incentives
 * Unclear whether incentives constitute a "wellness program" implicating ERISA (participation-based vs outcome-based)
 * Provision of incentives for a participatory program must be de minimis. Outcome-based as part of group health plan is exempt
 * Best to use a third party not affiliated with employer

Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)
 * Time spent getting vaccinated is likely compensable

Best practices
 * Written policies and forms (primarily for exemptions)
 * Administered by a third party not contracted with employer
 * Disclosure, waiver, and consent forms
 * HIPAA confidentiality for relevant documents
 * Continue to enforce masking, social distancing

2/17 Q&B
Need to consider industry

Fact that employees have long been accommodated through remote work may militate against

Mandated vs. Employer-encouraged (but employer-encouraged may approach a mandate if incentives are coercive)
 * Bear in mind what you would ultimately like things to look like after economy fully reopens
 * Voluntary programs typically have low compliance (even with onsite vaccination programs)

Completely hands-off approach ("purely voluntary")
 * Avoids complications, admin costs, practical difficulties
 * Potential legal exposure under OSHA, Worker's Comp if this is considered to make the workplace unsafe
 * Perception of not doing enough can hurt employee morale

Q&B recommends review and modification of policies in recognition of current situation

part 1

 * Consider degree of community spread (noted food service workers)
 * EEOC guidance: pre-vaccination questionnaires are medical inquiries, questions must be shown to be job-related.
 * re: medical exemptions, employer should take the word of medical professionals

part 2

 * Particularly an issue in the U.S., with healthcare being employer-focused
 * Return to normalcy, continuity of business
 * Compares tobacco cessation, influenza vaccination
 * DOL, EEOC, IRS
 * Any award must be taxed
 * HIPAA (under DOL) is "like a junk drawer"; group health plan "can't discriminate based on a health factor"
 * Only triggered if "reward" is a health plan premium; there's a cap; must offer a reasonable alternative for nonconforming employees
 * EEOC regulates ADA; employer can't force employee to submit to medical exam or answer questions about disability
 * Theory is that too big a reward is coercive
 * Just giving a reward to those who assert that they are vaccinated is fine; employer involvement introduces complications

part 3

 * Survey: nearly half of employers are extending remote work through summer. Unlikely to mandate due to employee concerns.
 * Employers offering info; on-site vaccination; time off for vaccination
 * Companies with union employees must review collective bargaining agreements
 * Employer has no obligation to bargain over state-mandated vaccinations
 * "Management rights clause"; agreement may require employer to maintain health/safety of workforce
 * May need to bargain over which employees must be vaccinated; in what order; will it be on-site; incentives for vaccinations or penalties for nonvaccination
 * NLRB - no guidance as of 2/11/21; there is a precedent in flu vaccination; Virginia Mason came up again in 2011
 * Antivax issue: NLRA protects right of employees to contest changes to conditions of employment, including vaccination mandates

part 4

 * Florida employer issues
 * Political speech - incl. voicing concerns/opposition to vaccination
 * Public employees have certain free speech rights, but right to political speech generally does not exist in private employer context
 * Some states have laws protecting employees from retaliation for outside political activities
 * Antivax movement could be characterized as political
 * Biggest risk for employers comes under NLRA
 * Section 7 protects concerted activity
 * Employees joining together to protest vaccination concerns could be deemed protected
 * One specific area = unsafe work rules; employees could claim mandatory vaccination is unsafe
 * Applies even if employees are not unionized
 * Only takes two employees working together
 * Employees could also protest lack of vaccination mandate
 * Use caution, consult counsel before taking action
 * Even "protected" speech can still result in discipline if profane, defamatory, malicious against employer; also racist/sexist speech
 * Managers are not subject to labor law, may be more tightly controlled in terms of speech
 * Use progressive steps to achieve compliance with company policy
 * Not everyone who worries about the COVID-19 vaccine is an "antivaxer"
 * Employers are allowed to educate people about the science


 * What about public employers?
 * Can't be stopped from speaking on issues of public importance

F/P 2/24

 * Superstructure
 * Mandate?
 * Facilitate/encourage?
 * ADA, Title VII
 * Incentives?
 * Proof of vaccination?


 * OSHA Guidance expected by March 15, 2021


 * Assign a workplace coordinator for these issues; prepare a hazard assessment; identify measures to prevent spread
 * Protect workers at higher risk
 * System for communication both two and from employees


 * Cal. OSHA has imposed specific additional steps (as have some other states) incl. requiring a written COVID-19 remediation plan
 * Mich. OSHA - remote work is required when feasible; daily screenings/temp checks for onsite workers when feasible
 * Don't disclose employee health status to others

December 16 EEOC guidance is still controlling


 * Qualification standard - may be imposed by outside contracting party


 * Objective basis for questioning a claim for a religious accommodation would be knowledge of prior vaccines received without objection.
 * Do not unilaterally contact employee's place of worship

Potential area of coverage - pre-vaccination questions


 * Incentives may implicate state and federal laws, incl. ADA, Title VII, HIPPA (ACA), FLSA
 * Employer who offers a substantial incentive for receiving the vaccine must balance that with an equivalent incentive for non-vaccinating employees completing some alternative basis such as watching a 1-hour educational program on the vaccine.

"Who to contact" provision.

AHLA 3/24
Teresa Reuter, Erinn Rigney COVID-19 Vaccines Employment- Law Considerations for Health Care Employers


 * Most employers have not considered a mandate or don't know if they will implement
 * FDA COVID-19 EUA - guidance affirms recipients must be informed of a right to refuse
 * Particularly important in essential businesses/healthcare/manufacturing/high-risk employees
 * OSHA National Emphasis Program (NEP)
 * Focusing on largest concentrations of at-risk employees
 * Outreach, compliance assistance, reinforcement of anti-retaliation principles; targeted and unannounced inspections
 * OSHA January 2021 guidance promotes hazard assessment; publish guidance for non-English-speaking; keep infected out of workplace; protect workers who raise COVID-19 concerns from retaliation
 * A good thing if concerns are being raised
 * Particularly important around changes in policy
 * Nothing in OSHA guidance about mandates; previous guidance has allowed employers to offer vaccination, encouraged flu/H1N1 vaccination (indicating that healthcare employers could mandate)
 * January guidance suggests making COVID-19 available at no case; provide info/training on benefits/safety
 * Vaccinated employees will continue to follow the same protocols as unvaccinated


 * EEOC guidance does not distinguish EUA vaccines
 * Precedent exists for different treatment
 * Guidance raises ADA, Title VII, GINA
 * Vaccination not a medical exam under ADA - but pre-screening questions may be disability-related
 * must be job-related, consistent with business necessity
 * Employers may qualify that "an individual shall not pose a direct threat" to others in the workplace


 * NLRB adds that vaccine requirements may require bargaining
 * No COVID-19-specific NLRB guidance
 * Collective employee refusal to be vaccinated may qualify as "protected concerted activity"; liability for adverse employer action


 * Direct threat Framework = fact specific
 * Duration of risk, nature/severity of harm, likelihood of harm, imminence of harm
 * Employer can exclude employee from workplace if direct threat cannot be reduced to acceptable level without undue hardship
 * Employees may raise ameliorative measures already taken by employers to mitigate threats
 * Employers with multiple facilities may need to examine circumstances of each individually
 * Make sure to document assessment process with both OSHA and employee concerns in mind


 * Administering vaccine does not implicate GINA, but pre-screening questions may be
 * Therefore, if such questions are necessary, employer should request proof of vaccination rather than administering
 * Employers should caution employees not to provide genetic info


 * Managing accommodations - best practices, differences
 * ADA = must accommodate disables employees; must engage in "interactive process"
 * Accommodation must be related to "major life activity" limited by the disability, and that affects essential function of job
 * Employers often try to reasonably accommodate even borderline requests in the interests of avoiding controversy; this is recommended
 * Employers need not provide the accommodation specifically requested
 * Employers need not accommodate where this presents an undue hardship (high standard)
 * Proposed accommodation = significant difficulty/expense, would fundamentally alter nature of business
 * Take care to document in a way that supports employer decision
 * Accommodation must permit employee to perform essential functions of the job; need not allow employee to avoid essential functions (but think hard about what functions are really and enduringly essential)
 * Title VII
 * Must accommodate within reasonable limits
 * Employee must show: sincerely held belief; bona fide religious practice; conflict with employment requirement
 * May arise due to vaccine containing an agreement which religion prohibits consuming [not mentioned - alternative vaccine]
 * Need not be provided if accommodation would result in more than de minimis cost to employer
 * Best to have a team addressing accommodation requests consistently (treat similarly situated employees the same) [this will require training]


 * Post-vaccination considerations
 * Employers must keep employee medical info (including disability accommodation) confidential; separate from personnel files
 * Particularly important in small businesses (or businesses with small offices) for which it is easy to identify even anonymized people
 * Better for employer to signal non-vaccination status than to be liable for spread of COVID in the workplace
 * Health screenings should account for post-vaccination symptoms
 * No quarantine requirement for fully vaccinated asymptomatic individuals


 * Incentivization
 * States are passing laws to require employers to provide paid leave to employees for vaccination
 * Employer may voluntarily offer paid leave under FFCRA, for time to get and/or recover from vaccination
 * Incentive programs
 * Interesting variation - employer makes donation to charity in employee's name
 * EEOC says incentive regime could be a "wellness program" under EEOC guidance
 * says incentives should be "de minimis"; water bottle, small gift card
 * cautions against incentives that are so large they make employees feel coerced to vaccinate or disclose info
 * Monetary incentive may actually be de-incentivizing, signal danger/risk
 * EEOC-friendly alternatives = vacation holiday, focus on moral, post-vaccination activities


 * Best practices for structuring
 * Be careful not to aggressively push vaccination for those medically/religiously unable to be vaccinated
 * What resources are employers using to promote vaccination? Medical org materials? In-house materials?
 * Big question facing entities = mandatory or permissible (at least pending full approval of a vaccine)
 * Is a vaccination program truly necessary? Alternatives?
 * Can the program be limited by locale, department, worksite?
 * Would encouragement work better in company culture than a mandate?
 * Educate on efficacy/safety; train and engage; encourage participation
 * Prepare to manage accommodation requests; review existing forms; extend existing policies where possible
 * Interactive process; standardized for consistency, but flexible
 * Consider workforce, potential union/worker's rights issues
 * Nondiscriminatory/nonretaliatory infection control alternatives
 * Cover vaccine costs/offer on-site
 * Reasonable vaccination deadline per CDC guidance; designate employee to monitor compliance

Duane Morris 3/17
Webinar Replay: Healthcare & COVID-19: From Mandatory Vaccination Issues to Telehealth Contracting
 * Sheila Wiffins, Neville Bilmoria, Erin Duffy, Chris Durham


 * Both EEOC and OSHA have okayed mandatory vaccination policies, provided that there are exemptions
 * Disabilities under ADA
 * Religious
 * Employers should assume claim is sincere
 * State laws may limit; for example NJ bars religious exemptions for healthcare workers for flu
 * Doesn't need to be the employee's preferred accommodation
 * Employee who doesn't raise or qualify for an exemption and still refuses vaccination, can be fired
 * NLRB has held in the past that mandatory vaccination policy plainly affects conditions of employment
 * Provide notice to the union, opportunity to bargain
 * Union may have already waived right to bargain over this in management rights clause or zipper clause


 * Employer can require proof of vaccination from a healthcare provider
 * Have a GINA disclaimer stating that no genetic information is required
 * Can exclude unvaccinated employee from workplace if they pose a "direct threat"
 * "a significant risk of substantial harm to the health or safety of the individual or others that cannot be eliminated or reduced by reasonable accommodation".
 * Context matters (how much physical contact between other employees or customers)
 * If disability cannot be accommodated, other efforts must be considered


 * Employers should have a written policy, establish accommodations
 * Educate employees, work with them
 * Encourage, facilitate (make it part of your employee program), incentivize
 * Can start with a voluntary program, change that based on outcomes


 * Informational concerns
 * Keep med records separate
 * Pre-vaccination questions have been held disability-related, must have business necessity to ask for this
 * Seems so far that pre-vaccination questions do not implicate GINA
 * State/local orders must be followed until withdrawn


 * Employers providing vaccination - not happening now, due to lack of availability
 * Logistics, consent, product liability
 * Still widespread hesitance
 * Education and messaging is critical, tailor to demographics
 * Administration on-site
 * Through an occupational health office - but would have to register as a state-approved vaccination site
 * Partnering with an existing provider to provide offsite or provide onsite
 * Offsite vs onsite depends on workforce; availability of space to perform
 * Bring in providers, have EMS on site in case of adverse reaction
 * How to insure receipt of second dose of vaccine - can be done contractually as well
 * Assuming a third-party contract
 * General commercial terms
 * Qualifications of individuals administering (clinicians are duly licensed to administer the vaccine) - but for COVID-19 there have been many waivers, so may want to set a floor of who can administer in the contract (e.g. LPN)
 * Provider properly educates employees on the vaccine; obtain proper informed consent
 * To make good faith efforts to obtain vaccine to administer first and second doses
 * Assumption of risk for their own personnel coming to your location to administer vaccines
 * Obligated to maintain vaccines properly
 * Govern what is to be done with excess doses (standby list for employees to be vaccinated)
 * Payment mechanisms (daily? hourly? bill insurance?)
 * Termination provisions in case of recall/EUA revocation
 * Recommend that clinic-sponsoring employers have separate employee consent
 * Note that it's voluntary; does not change employee status; no contract arising from provision of clinic
 * Acknowledge education on the vaccine; employer not responsible for adverse event/waiver of liability
 * Potential liabilities = exemption-related discrimination; negligence for failure to ensure vaccinated workforce; informed consent issues
 * PREP Act may provide some liability protection, if employer is arranging a countermeasure (clear that it applies to provider, but not clear as to employers)


 * Workplace issues going forward (mostly telehealth concerns, not specifically vaccine-related)

Assoc. WA Bus. 2/18
Pros/Cons of mandatory vaccination programs

United States v. Bogle
“Moreover, this Court has held that ‘when an inmate is fully vaccinated against COVID-19, compassionate release motions are unlikely to be granted even when a defendant has underlying health conditions.'” United States v. Greene, No. 06-cr-312 (RCL), 2022 WL 3354745, at *4 (D.D.C. Aug. 12, 2022) (quoting Wyche, 2022 WL 2643568, at *5). Mr. Bogle has received two doses of the Modema COVID-19 vaccine. Gov't Opp'n at 18. Additionally, Mr. Bogle received a booster vaccine this past spring. Id. Accordingly, his full vaccination status further counsels rejecting his motion. See Martinez, 2021 WL 2322456, at *2 (explaining that although the defendant has underlying conditions “that could increase his risk of severe illness” from COVID-19, his full vaccination status “mitigates that risk almost entirely”); Comparative Effectiveness of Moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech, and Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) Vaccines in Preventing COVID-19 Hospitalizations Among Adults Without Immunocompromising Conditions, CTRS. FOR DISEASE CONTROL & PREVENTION, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7038e1.htm (last visited Oct. 4, 2022).

Beyond vaccination, Mr. Bogle has already contracted and recovered from COVID-19. Gov't Opp'n at 18. If an inmate has fully recovered from a past COVID-19 infection, it weighs strongly against finding current extraordinary and compelling circumstances. See Winston, 2021 WL 2592959, at *2 (denying compassionate release, partly because defendant had already contracted and fully recovered from COVID-19 without serious complications). Mr. Bogle argues that he still faces a threat of being reinfected with COVID-19. Def.'s Reply at 5. But the possibility of reinfection does not create an extraordinary and compelling circumstance, especially now that Mr. Bogle is fully vaccinated. See Wyche, 2022 WL 2643568, at *3-*4 (denying compassionate release for fully vaccinated defendant who contracted COVID-19 twice). United States v. Bogle, No. 95-cr-298 (RCL) (D. D.C., October 17, 2022)