User:BD2412/Vaccine law resources/Vaccines for animals

Regulation and ethics of animal testing

 * , https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/8785959/
 * , https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3168484/
 * , https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/laboratory/medicinesandvaccines
 * , https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/04/animal-research-life-saving-vaccines/
 * , https://www.sanofi.com/en/science-and-innovation/clinical-trials-and-results/responsible-use-of-animals-in-research-and-production

Use of animal ingredients
"Squalene, a compound that is harvested from the livers of sharks, is... used in malaria and flu vaccines as an agent that boosts the immune system's response."
 * Emma Bowman, A Coronavirus Vaccine Could Kill Half A Million Sharks, Conservationists Warn, NPR (October 10, 2020), https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/10/10/922398246/a-coronavirus-vaccine-could-kill-half-a-million-sharks-conservationists-warn.

Vaccines required for animals

 * G. Dewell, D.V.M., M.S., Ph.D., Beef Extension Veterinarian, Iowa State University, Beef and Dairy Cattle Vaccination Programs (July 11, 2017) - notes about 2 dozen vaccines to be given to cattle at different life stages.

More links

 * Sameer Sharma and Lyn A. Hinds, Formulation and delivery of vaccines: Ongoing challenges for animal management, J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2012 Oct-Dec; 4(4): 258–266. (NCBI)
 * USDA, Veterinary Biological Products Licensees and Permittees Prepared (April 1, 2020)
 * APHIS, Licensed Veterinary Biological Product Information (Last Modified: Jan 15, 2021)

Content from Horse management
"Horses and ponies need annual vaccinations to protect against any number of sicknesses, though the precise vaccines required varies depending on the part of the world where the horse lives and the uses to which the animal is put. In most nations, rabies and tetanus shots are commonly given, and in many places, various forms of equine encephalitis are a concern as well as West Nile virus. Horses that travel or are exposed to other horses that travel are often recommended to receive equine influenza vaccines, since the disease is highly communicable. In the United States, many people also vaccinate against Equine Herpes Virus strains 1 and 4. Many additional vaccines may be needed, depending on local conditions and risk, including Rhodococcus equi (strangles), Botulism, or Potomac Horse Fever.

As a general rule, a horse or pony that has never had a particular vaccination will be given an initial vaccination and then a booster a few weeks later, then normally once a year after that. Animals kept in a public boarding facility, those shipped for breeding and those frequently on the show circuit often require more vaccinations than horses that are not exposed to outside animals and who do not travel.

Some type of veterinary certificate or proof of vaccination is often required for horses to travel or compete, especially when crossing state, provincial, or international boundaries."

Rabies vaccines over Maine

 * Rabies Vaccines Dropped Over Northeastern Maine, WAGM News (August 8, 2022): "The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Wildlife Services will begin its annual rabies vaccination program, in cooperation with the Maine CDC. They will distribute approximately 385,000 oral rabies vaccine baits across northeastern Maine".