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Infrastructure

The provisions of many social services occurs within a framework that has been termed the “Hollow State,” an approach to policy implementation that relies upon private or nonprofit organizations to deliver certain public goods, as such, the hollow state is an organizational model to describe a system of third party governance.(Article 1.)

The primary purpose of the hollow state is to function as a multi-organizational structure through which policy is designed and executed. By hollow state it is meant to be understood that it's a system consisting of units of government separated from their outputs but still linked by negotiation or contract.

When nonprofit organizations receive contracts or grants to deliver public goods or services, the delegating agency assumes a sufficient level of capacity to implement the project or deliver the service. However, if the nonprofit community-based organizations are too limited in capacity to carry out their grants or contracts, then a disconnect occurs in the hollow state. (1) One of the primary reasons privatization occurs is because of the severe capacity that limitations force the government to contract for services it does not have the ability to provide. (5)

Usually this would involve a private development network supported by a public administration like the Chamber of Commerce and several private businesses. There are 2 types of networks that exist in the hollow state: horizontal and vertical. Horizontal networks consist of 3 types, policy making, resource exchange, and project based, all of which are between governments and non-governmental organizations. Vertical networks are the collaborations that occur between federal, state, and local governments.

The purpose of this collaboration is to devise strategy for business retention, expansion, or recruitment. The reason city economics developers reach out to surrounding organizations and become multiple networks is due to the fact economic policy is designed and implemented under ambiguity and uncertainty. As complexities increase grassroots initiatives become more sought after. Most nonprofit organizations are started with passion and enthusiasm for resolving a particular issue. Many of these are the small grassroots or community-based nonprofits that meet important human service needs for a specific geographic area or population.(4) Furthermore, the need for more nongovernmental actors to deliver local services hence more actors equates to more hollowing of the state. Substituting from a stable, linear government for complex networks may raise questions of allocation deliberations being solely prompted by cost/ efficiency not taking into account taxpayers other values.

Contracting

The Hollow State refers to the extent to which governments are directly involved in providing services.[4] Contracting out is when government allows a non-government institution to operate under the governments name to provide a public service. Hollowing out of government by allocating services to private organizations has three imperatives: the need to attract investment to compensate for lost revenues and meet the political imperatives set by the country and provincial governments; the need to receive inspection teams from higher levels of government; and "soft centralization" of township bureaus, which are placed under country or provincial government control.(3) Advocates of privatization often make the point that government can provide or arrange for citizens to receive a service without the government actually providing it.[5] Government is able to arrange or provide a service for the public community without actually producing it by contracting out. A government intent on privatization would decide what it wanted done and then contract with the private sector to provide the good or the service.[5] The federal government has always relied on state and local governments to distribute and provide services with money funded by the federal level. However, community-based development organizations CBDOs have problems with accountability and responsiveness and lose their connections with municipalities. Disparities in fundraising, fiscal and human resource management practices, even skills in building and maintaining partnerships and gaining political support. (1) Contracting out or privatization also redirects the funds that used to go to the state and local government to private organizations. It can also be said that there is a negative relationship between the neighborhoods where the central offices of those organizations are located,m and neighborhood disadvantage, largely because so many distributive organization headquarters are located in downtown, higher-income are Government funding of nonprofit agencies increased during the grant-in-aid explosion of the 1960s and 1970s and continuing during the Reagan and Bush administrations under the banners of privatization, limited budgets, and getting government off the backs of those it regulates.[5]

Hollow State
This article is purely informational. While providing strong facts which attribute to the State in that a “Hollow State” would generally be considered to have the appearance of a properly functioning democratic nation. This state or nation has democratic elections, government laws, and rules, etc. The author funnels down this umbrella to the privatization of public services by the Reagan and Bush administration. There is however very little reasoning for why such privatization was taking place aside from the obvious fiscal efficiency (or not so) and commonplace dates and time periods.

We can indeed see this privatization here in Texas as our toll roads are owned and operated by private corporations; however, most corporations looking to build a toll road will ask for, or receive a loan from the Texas Department of Transportation. This privatization of toll roads is due to the immense volume of money it would take to take on such a project, not just to build the project, but to maintain it afterword, a task that the government of Texas had not planned on taking, thus the government essentially loans the money in hopes of reaping the benefits. Toll roads agencies can include the North Texas Tollway Authority and the Harris County Toll Road Authority.

According to the article it is expected that agencies contracted to nonprofit entities should be financially self-sustained, but with over half of their revenue comes from the government one can see this demise. These agencies receive funding from different levels of government agencies such as city or the state. Where problems arise, (like with Texas Toll Roads) is when the agency who engages in a governmental contract becomes bankrupt and cannot operate. Should, the state pick up the tab to buy back said contract and take over whatever operation is being deliberated. If so, the burden of paying off whatever debt has accumulated and re-opening operations falls upon the state or city government. Other social services can be beneficial to contracting out, a third party has no bias. The author lacks emphasis of the material in this context.

Talking upon the infrastructure of this “hollow state” the author describes two types: horizontal and vertical. As if two comparisons of that ambiguity couldn’t get deeper; the author then categorizes horizontal into: policy making, resource exchange, and project based. This portrayal or governmental and private sector relations lacks complete adherence to the so called “two types”. Aside from the papers lack of consistency and grammatical errors, it’s hollowed out you could say. (lol) This paper is full of credible sources and has the potential to be a good, intellectual read.

Hollow State Annotated Bib
Fredericksen, Patricia, and Rosanne London. "Disconnect in the Hollow State: The Pivotal Role of Organizational Capacity in Community-Based Development Organizations." Public Administration Review 60, no. 3 (2000): 230-39. http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.txstate.edu/stable/977465.

This article examines the partnership between government and community based development organizations (CBDOs). Evidence in this article from leadership, management, fiscal planning, and operational support suggests that the organizational capacity in CBDOs to develop affordable housing in the United States might contradict with nonprofits to create affordable housing. Government officials’ failure to recognize CBDOs incapacity to deliver services or effectively administer projects.

Milward, H. Brinton. "Nonprofit Contracting and the Hollow State." Public Administration Review 54, no. 1 (1994): 73-77.

This article studies the approach of privatization of government work by analyzing the manager contract positions, the contracting regime and the shadow state. A common reoccurrence is nonprofit services being paid through governmental funds. The shadow state being the relationship between government and voluntary organizations that receive funding from the government and in return provide services for government designated clients.

Norris- Tirrell, Dorthy. 2014. "The Changing Role of Private, Nonprofit Organizations in the Development and Delivery of Human Services in the United States.” Journal Of Health & Human Services Administration 37, no. 3: 304-326. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed October 21, 2016)

This article details the different missions and service strategies nonprofit human service organizations have created to social problems. This article begins with the basis of the sector by understanding the extent of nonprofit human service organizations today. The article also describes the challenges influencing the organizations including the competing values of contracting out versus collaborations and grassroots versus professionalized orientation.

Marwell, Nicole P., and Aaron Gullickson. 2013. "Inequality in the Spatial Allocation of Social Services: Government Contracts to Nonprofit Organizations in New York City." Social Service Review 87, no. 2: 319-353. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed October 24, 2016)

This article describes the increasingly important component of social provision spending accounting for today’s welfare state expenditures. Using a unique dataset of government contracts it studies the unique relationship between the allocation of social service funding across neighborhoods and their needs.

Smith, Graeme. "The Hollow State: Rural Governance in China." The China Quarterly, no. 203 (2010): 601-18. http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.txstate.edu/stable/27917798.

This article examines which ongoing reforms and processes are causing states to become “hollow” and explores the effects on government leaders, staff and rural residents. This article also describes how rural governance has produced governments which are squeezed from above and below, from above: leaders face political imperatives of inspections, assessments and the need to attract investments. From below: staff are drawn out to enforce family planning policies and maintain social stability. Residents also face a level of government that regards them as problems to deal with rather than citizens to be served.

1. Brinton Milward, H. (2012). Hollow state. In H. K. Anheier, & M. Juergensmayer (Eds.). The encyclopedia of global studies (pp. 808–809). London: Sage.

2. Smith, Graeme. “The Hollow State: Rural Governance in China.” The China Quarterly, no. 203 (2010): 601-618. JSTOR.

3. "HOLLOW STATES vs. FAILED STATES - Global Guerrillas". globalguerrillas.typepad.com. Retrieved 2016-11-14.

4. Milward, Brinton (2000). "Covering Hollow State" (PDF). University of Arizona.

5. Brinton Milward, H. (2014). The increasingly hollow state: challenges and dilemmas for public administration. Asia Pacific Journal Of Public Administration, 36(1), 70-79. doi:10.1080/23276665.2014.892275-

6. ALONSO, J. M., ANDREWS, R., & HODGKINSON, I. R. (2016). INSTITUTIONAL, IDEOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCES ON LOCAL GOVERNMENT CONTRACTING: EVIDENCE FROM ENGLAND. Public Administration, 94(1), 244-262.-

7. Cohen, L. S. (2010). [A Government Out of Sight]. Social History,35(2), 221-223. 8. Fredricksen, Patricia, and Rosanne London. "Disconnect in the Hollow State: The Pivotal Role of Organizational Capacity in Community-Based Development Organizations." Public Administration Review 60, no. 3 (2000): 230-39. http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.txstate.edu/stable/977465. 9. Edwards, Charlie. "What does a Hollow State look like?". Retrieved 2016-11-14. 10. Milward, H. Brinton. "Nonprofit Contracting and the Hollow State." Public Administration Review 54, no. 1 (1994): 73-77. 11. Allocation of Funding: Marwell, Nicole P., and Aaron Gullickson. 2013. "Inequality in the Spatial Allocation of Social Services: Government Contracts to Nonprofit Organizations in New York City." Social Service Review 87, no. 2: 319-353. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed October 24, 2016) 12. Balance and Competition: Norris- Tirrell, Dorthy. 2014. "The Changing Role of Private, Nonprofit Organizations in the Development and Delivery of Human Services in the United States.” Journal Of Health & Human Services Administration 37, no. 3: 304-326. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed October 21, 2016) 13. Terry, L. D. (2005). The Thinning of Administrative Institutions in the Hollow State. Administration & Society, 37(4), 426-444. doi:10.1177/0095399705277136 14. Wang, Tae Kyu (2013). [diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:185185/datastream/PDF/.../citation.pdf "The Impacts of the Hollow State on Organizational Practices and Individual Attitudes in the Federal Government"] Check |url= value (help) (PDF). Florida State University. 15. Reckhow, Sarah. PAPER-RECKHOW.pdf "Hollow State Politics" Check |url= value (help) (PDF). Bureaucratic Autonomy and Social Welfare Policy. 16. Smith, G. (2010). The Hollow State: Rural Governance in China. The China Quarterly, (203), 601-618. 17. The hollow state. (2015). Economist, 417(8969), 59-61. 18. "The hollow state". The Economist. 2015-12-19. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2016-11-14. 19. Edwards, Charlie. "What does a Hollow State look like?". Retrieved 2016-11-14. 20. Robb, John (2009). "Hollow States vs. Failed States". Global Gerrillas. 21. Bryer, T. A. (2008). Warning: The Hollow State Can Be Deadly. Public Administration Review, (3). 587 22. Delfeld, H. (2014). Human rights and the hollow state. Taylor and Francis. doi:10.4324/9781315887029 23. Curry, W. S. (2010). Government contracting: promises and perils. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, c2010- 24. Bryer, T. t.(2008). Warning: The Hollow State Can Be Deadly. Public Administration Review, 68(3), 587-590. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.00896.x