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In particle physics, the odderon corresponds to an elusive family of odd-gluon states, dominated by a three-gluon state. When protons collide elastically with protons or with anti-protons at high-energies by exchanging even and odd numbers of gluons. Exchanging an even number of gluons is a crossing-even part of elastic proton-proton and proton-antiproton scattering, while odderon exchange corresponds to a crossing-odd term in the elastic scattering amplitude. It took about 48 years to find a definite signal of odderon exchange.[1]

Contents


 * Description
 * Discovery
 * Honours and recognitions for the discovery of the Odderon
 * Honorable Mentions - important qualitative results leading to the discovery of the Odderon
 * References

Description

In elastic collisions the total kinetic energy of the system is conserved thus the identity of the scattered particles is not modified, no excited states and/or new particles are produced. The kinematics of these collisions is governed by the conservation of both energy and momentum. Data on high-energy elastic proton-proton collisions provided by the TOTEM Collaboration in a tera-electron-volt energy range, together with data from the D0 experiment on elastic proton-antiproton collisions at the Tevatron collider were key ingredients in the discovery of the odderon. The D0 and TOTEM extrapolated TOTEM proton-proton data in the region of the diffractive minimum and maximum from 13, 8, 7 and 2.76 TeV to 1.96 TeV and compared this to D0 data at 1.96 TeV in the same t-range finding an odderon significance of 3.4 σ. When combined with the 3.4 - 4.6 σ of the TOTEM experiment at 13 TeV at t=0, this resulted in the first experimental discovery of the odderon at a significance of at least 5.2 σ. The observed characteristics of the proton-proton collisions did not match the characteristics of the proton-antiproton collisions. As a result, there is an interaction-mediating family of particles (Regge trajectory) that can result in such a deviation in the range of strong interactions. In another model dependent analysis by a group of theorists, the TOTEM pp data from √s = 7 TeV and 2.76 was rescaled to 1.96 TeV, and comparing to D0 proton-antiproton data at 1.96 TeV, providing a possible evidence for a t-channel Odderon exchange at TeV energies, with a significance of at least 6.26 σ.

Discovery

The first paper on the theoretical prediction of possible Odderon exchange was published in 1973 by Basarab Nicolescu and Leszek Lukaszuk.[2] The odderon name was coined in 1975 by D. Joynson, E. Leader, B. Nicolescu and C. Lopez.[3] A similar but unpublished possibility for odderon exchange was proposed already in 1972 by Robert Peschanski and A. V. Efremov.[4] Then almost 50 years later, in December 2020, the D0 and TOTEM Collaborations made public the odderon discovery based on a purely data driven approach in a CERN and Fermilab approved preprint that was later published in Physical Review Letters [1]. In this experimental observation, the TOTEM proton-proton data in the region of the diffractive minimuma and maximum was extrapolated from 13, 8, 7 and 2.76 TeV to 1.96 TeV and compared this to D0 data at 1.96 TeV in the same t-range giving an odderon significance of 3.4 σ. When combined with TOTEM experimental data at 13 TeV at small scattering angles providing an odderon significance of 3.4 - 4.6 σ, the combination resulted in an odderon significance of at least 5.2 σ.[5] The D0-TOTEM experimental observation of the odderon was recognized in Nature as a Research Highlight.[6] The D0-TOTEM odderon observation has been widely accepted by a majority of the particle physics community and its importance recognized through dedicated seminars in essentially all major laboratories and physics institute in the world.

Honours and recognitions for the discovery of the Odderon

In September 2021, Nature published a Research Highlight on the Discovery of the Odderon, honouring the D0-TOTEM experimental observation of odderon exchange, published in August 2021.[7] In December 2021, CERN named the discovery of the odderon by the D0 and TOTEM collaborations among its physics highlights of 2021.[8] This discovery was first presented at CERN on March 4, 2021, during the LHC forward physics meeting. It was also presented in many colloquia and conferences around the world, including SLAC, DESY, Brookhaven National Lab, and Jefferson National Lab in May 2021, KEK in June 2021, Fermilab and DUBNA in July 2021, as well as in Cracow, Natal, Valparaiso, Mexico City, Warwick, Istanbul, Sonora, Florence, and in Bielefeld in 2021, DIS 2021, LHCP 2021, Moriond 2021, EPS 2021, RADPYC 2021.

Honorable Mentions - important qualitative results leading to the discovery of the Odderon


 * 1972: first proposal: Efremov, A. V.; Peschanski, R. (1972). "Evidence for new singularities in Regge phenomenology". OSTI 4691439.
 * 1973: first publication: Łukaszuk, L.; Nicolescu, B. (1 October 1973). "A possible interpretation of pp rising total cross-sections". Lettere al Nuovo Cimento. 8 (7): 405–413. doi:10.1007/BF02824484. S2CID 122981407.
 * 1975: odderon named: Joynson, D.; Leader, E.; Nicolescu, B.; Lopez, C. (1 December 1975). "Non-regge and hyper-regge effects in pion-nucleon charge exchange scattering at high energies". Il Nuovo Cimento A. 30 (3): 345–384. Bibcode:1975NCimA..30..345J. doi:10.1007/BF02730293. S2CID 124183973.
 * 1980: odderon evolution equation from QCD: Kwieciǹski, J.; Praszałowicz, M. (11 August 1980). "Three gluon integral equation and odd C singlet Regge singularities in QCD". Physics Letters B. 94 (3): 413–416. Bibcode:1980PhLB...94..413K. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(80)90909-0.
 * 1990: Pomeron and odderon in QCD: Lipatov, L. N. (15 November 1990). "Pomeron and odderon in QCD and a two dimensional conformal field theory". Physics Letters B. 251 (2): 284–287. Bibcode:1990PhLB..251..284L. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(90)90937-2.
 * 1999: a new odderon intercept from QCD: Janik, R. A.; Wosiek, J. (8 February 1999). "A Solution of the Odderon Problem". Physical Review Letters. 82(6): 1092–1095. arXiv:hep-th/9802100. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..82.1092J. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.1092. S2CID 17976783.
 * 2000: odderon from QCD with fixed coupling constant: Bartels, J.; Lipatov, L. N.; Vacca, G. P. (23 March 2000). "A new odderon solution in perturbative QCD". Physics Letters B. 477 (1): 178–186. arXiv:hep-ph/9912423. Bibcode:2000PhLB..477..178B. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(00)00221-5. S2CID 18651924.
 * 2003: Odderon in Quantum Chromo Dynamics: Ewerz, Carlo (17 June 2003). "The Odderon in Quantum Chromodynamics". arXiv:hep-ph/0306137. Bibcode:2003hep.ph....6137E.
 * 2007: Proposal to find the odderon at RHIC and at LHC: Avila, R., Gauron, P. & Nicolescu, B. Eur. Phys. J. C 49, 581–592 (2007).https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-006-0074
 * 2015: proposal to use LHC data to hunt down the odderon: Ster, András; Jenkovszky, László; Csörgő, Tamás (13 April 2015). "Extracting the Odderon from p p and p p scattering data". Physical Review D. 91 (7): 074018. arXiv:1501.03860. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.91.074018. S2CID 118354589.
 * 2015: Odderon in the color glass condensate: Hatta, Y.; Iancu, E.; Itakura, K.; McLerran, L. (3 October 2005). "Odderon in the color glass condensate". Nuclear Physics A. 760 (1): 172–207. arXiv:hep-ph/0501171. Bibcode:2005NuPhA.760..172H. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2005.05.163. S2CID 2880940.
 * 2016: Measurement of elastic pp scattering at s=8s=8 TeV in the Coulomb–nuclear interference region: determination of the ρρ -parameter and the total cross-section: TOTEM Collaboration; G. Antchev (Pilsen U.) et al. (Oct 3, 2016). Published in: Eur.Phys.J.C 76 (2016) 12, 661. e-Print: 1610.00603 [nucl-ex].
 * 2017: First measurement of elastic, inelastic and total cross-section at s=13s=13 TeV by TOTEM and overview of cross-section data at LHC energies: TOTEM Collaboration; G. Antchev (Sofiya, Inst. Nucl. Res.) et al. (Dec 17, 2017). Published in: Eur.Phys.J.C 79 (2019) 2, 103. e-Print: 1712.06153 [hep-ex].
 * 2017: First determination of the ρ parameter at s=13s=13 TeV: probing the existence of a colourless C-odd three-gluon compound state: TOTEM Collaboration; G. Antchev (CERN) et al. (Dec 16, 2017). Published in: Eur.Phys.J.C 79 (2019) 9, 785. e-Print: 1812.04732 [hep-ex].
 * 2018: Elastic differential cross-section dσ/dt at s=2.76 TeVs=2.76 TeV and implications on the existence of a colourless C-odd three-gluon compound state: TOTEM Collaboration, G. Antchev (Sofiya, Inst. Nucl. Res.) et al. (Dec 20, 2018). Published in: Eur.Phys.J.C 80 (2020) 2, 9. e-Print: 1812.08610 [hep-ex].
 * 2018: Elastic differential cross-section measurement at s=13s=13 TeV: TOTEM Collaboration; G. Antchev ( Sofiya, Inst. Nucl. Res.) et al. (Dec 19, 2018). Published in: Eur.Phys.J.C 79 (2019) 10, 861. e-Print: 1812.08283 [hep-ex].
 * 2019: Odderon from real-to-imaginary ratio at zero four-momentum transfer: Martynov, E.; Tersimonov, G. (27 December 2019). "Ratio ρ p p p p ( s ) in Froissaron and maximal odderon approach". Physical Review D. 100 (11): 114039. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.100.114039. S2CID 208139556.
 * 2019: New physics from recent TOTEM measurements: Szanyi, István; Bence, Norbert; Jenkovszky, László (9 April 2019). "New physics from TOTEM's recent measurements of elastic and total cross sections". Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics. 46 (5): 055002. arXiv:1808.03588. Bibcode:2019JPhG...46e5002S. doi:10.1088/1361-6471/ab1205. S2CID 104292347.
 * 2019: Odderon and proton-substructure from a model-independent Levy expansion: Csörgő, T.; Pasechnik, R.; Ster, A. (28 January 2019). "Odderon and proton substructure from a model-independent Lévy imaging of elastic pp and pp collisions". The European Physical Journal C. 79 (1): 62. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-6588-8. PMC 6349816. PMID 30774536.
 * 2019: Odderon effects from the differential cross-sections at TeV energies: Martynov, Evgenij; Nicolescu, Basarab (June 2019). "Odderon effects in the differential cross-sections at Tevatron and LHC energies". The European Physical Journal C. 79 (6): 461. arXiv:1808.08580. Bibcode:2019EPJC...79..461M. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-6954-6. S2CID 119393479.
 * 2020: Proposal to search for odderon in central exclusive production at LHC: Lebiedowicz, Piotr; Nachtmann, Otto; Szczurek, Antoni (13 May 2020). "Searching for the odderon in p p → p p K + K − and p p → p p μ + μ − reactions in the ϕ ( 1020 ) resonance region at the LHC". Physical Review D. 101(9): 094012. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.101.094012. S2CID 207870047.
 * 2020: odderon from QCD with running coupling constant: Bartels, Jochen; Contreras, Carlos; Vacca, Gian Paolo (28 April 2020). "The Odderon in QCD with running coupling". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2020 (4): 183. arXiv:1910.04588. Bibcode:2020JHEP...04..183B. doi:10.1007/JHEP04(2020)183. S2CID 204008416.

References


 * [1]* Abazov, V. M.; et al. (4 August 2021). "Odderon Exchange from Elastic Scattering Differences between pp and ppbar Data at 1.96 TeV and from pp Forward Scattering Measurements". Physical Review Letters. 127(6): 062003. arXiv:2012.03981. Bibcode:2021PhRvL.127f2003A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.062003. PMID 34420329. S2CID 227737845.
 * [2]* Łukaszuk, L.; Nicolescu, B. (1 October 1973). "A possible interpretation of pp rising total cross-sections". Lettere al Nuovo Cimento. 8 (7): 405–413. doi:10.1007/BF02824484. S2CID 122981407.
 * [3]* Joynson, D.; Leader, E.; Nicolescu, B.; Lopez, C. (1 December 1975). "Non-regge and hyper-regge effects in pion-nucleon charge exchange scattering at high energies". Il Nuovo Cimento A. 30 (3): 345–384. Bibcode:1975NCimA..30..345J. doi:10.1007/BF02730293. S2CID 124183973.
 * [4]* Efremov, A. V.; Peshanskii, R. (1972). "Evidence for new singularities in Regge phenomenology" (PDF). OSTI 4691439.
 * [5]* "Odderon discovered". CERN Courier. 2021-03-09. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
 * [6]* Leader, Elliot (October 2021). "Discovery of the odderon". Nature Reviews Physics. 3 (10): 680. Bibcode:2021NatRP...3..680L. doi:10.1038/s42254-021-00375-6. S2CID 239686382.
 * [7]* Leader, Elliot (October 2021). "Discovery of the odderon". Nature Reviews Physics. 3 (10): 680. Bibcode:2021NatRP...3..680L. doi:10.1038/s42254-021-00375-6. S2CID 239686382
 * [8]* Relive 2021 at CERN 21 December 2021.