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Maurice Barnett (Barney) Webb


Maurice Barnett “Barney” Webb (May 14, 1926 – January 15, 2021) was an American Physicist who worked in the field of Surface Science, finishing his career as Professor Emeritus of Physics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He was most noted for his work in establishing low energy electron diffraction (LEED) as a quantitative technique for the determination of atom arrangements at the surface of crystalline solids. He was also noted for devising clever experiments based on home built equipment to test fundamental concepts in surface science.

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Early Life
Webb was born on May 14, 1926, the third child of three in a well to do family in Neenah, Wisconsin. His father, James Webb, originally from Illinois had been trained as an actuary, but later moved to Neenah. He became the owner of the local hardware store, which had been founded by the family of wife Laura Barnett generations earlier [ ], along with the local drug store. He was named after an uncle, Maurice Barnett, who died in action during the First World War. A month before his birth, his sister, Frances Webb, then 6 years old, was kidnapped for ransom, but released unharmed later that same day at a nearby Fond du Lac, WI farm [ ]. Fred Runde was eventually convicted of the crime, and initially sentenced to life imprisonment for it; the sentence was later commuted to 15 years [ ]. Five years later, in April 1931, the Webb family was again threatened in an unsuccessful attempt to coerce a payment of $3000 which the perpetrator, Roland David Hassinger, demanded   be put into a package and thrown from a Soo Line train [ ]. These two incidents had a dramatic effect on Laura Webb:  Barney later recounted that he, his brother James, and sister Frances lived sheltered childhoods as a result [].

Academic Experience
In spite of this trying situation he excelled in school, particularly in science. The 1944 Neenah Rocket, his high school yearbook, listed him as both a member of the biology club and the forensics club; he was also listed as a member of  the debate club, the oratory club, a sergeant in the high school cadet corps, and the yearbook editor. He was valedictorian of his graduating class. Following graduation Webb served briefly in the US Navy, enrolling in the electronic technician program – his work involved diagnosing problems with ship radar and navigation systems. In a typically self-deprecating account he later said that mainly he looked to see if seemingly faulty instruments were plugged in properly. After the end of World War II, in 1946 he enrolled at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, initially as a premedical student. Based upon interesting courses in chemistry and physics, including one taught by Professor Ragnar Oswald Rollefson, he switched to a physics major in his second year. While an undergraduate student he spent his summers at the Institute of Paper Chemistry in Appleton, WI, studying the effects of coatings on the optical properties of paper. On graduating in 1950 he immediately began a PhD program, again at the UW Madison. In those days two of the principal areas of expertise in the department were in Nuclear Physics, in which Professors Henry Herman ("Heinz") Barschall and Raymond George (“Ray”) Herb were notable research leaders,   and in Low temperature physics - the UW Madison was one of very few  universities in the United States with a He liquefaction system. He opted for the latter field of study, initially working in the research group of Professor Frank Rogers. Both Rogers and Rollefson however soon joined the MIT Lincoln Laboratories, which were developing technologies connected with the DoD Defense Early Warning (DEW) line project, and brought their graduate students with them. Webb chose to return to the UW Madison after only a year at Lincoln Labs. He joined the group of Professor William  W. (“Bill”) Beeman, who was carrying out small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) investigations of structures resulting from cold working of metals []. In his PhD thesis work he studied the polarization dependence of scattered x-rays, and identified features in the SAXS measurements as originating from double scattering from grain boundaries rather than from nanometer scale density fluctuations. During this period he had his first experience in teaching: because the department was short on faculty, they asked him to teach a course in thermodynamics. He defended his thesis in 1956, shortly after his wife Frances defended hers, in Chemistry, also at the UW Madison. He later recounted that his advisor, Professor Beeman, delayed his defense by a few weeks, so that he could introduce them as “Dr. and Mr. Webb” [].

Professional Career
On completion of his PhD Webb considered a number of academic postdoctoral positions, including at the UW Madison, but opted instead to join the General Electric Research Labs in Schenectady, NY, which was then one of the premier industrial R&D institutions in the United States. His broad area of interest at GE was metallurgy, in which David Turnbull headed a group called “Physical Metallurgy”, and which included later Nobel Laureate Iver Giaver and Solid State theorist Walter Harrison. Webb recounted that on his arrival at GE, Turnbull suggested that he “mosey around” to find an area of research, as GE’s interests were very broad. He also remarked that you could walk down the hall to find experts in almost any area. He eventually joined the “Chemical Metallurgy” group, headed by John W. Cahn, and which included Gert Erlich, Tom Vanderslice, Sid Brenner, Bill Hillig, Ed Jacobson, Tom Hickmot, Bob Doremus, Lester Gutman, and Richard Oriani. While at GE he studied various aspects of metal thin films, including whisker formation, transport properties, and cyclotron resonances. Along with Walter Harrison he organized an international symposium on “The Fermi Surface []”, sponsored by the US Air Force, which included participation by George and Mildred Dresselhaus.

Webb recounted that by 1960 the focus of research at GE had begun to narrow, and so, in 1961 he accepted a second offer by UW-Madison to return, this time as a tenured Associate Professor of Physics. []   John Cahn would later recount: “Barney kept telling GE management that he did not deserve his salary. To reassure him that he did, they gave him generous raises. This depressed him so much that he left for Wisconsin. Rumors came back to GE that there they believed him. The raises stopped, and Barney was content.”

At the UW Madison Webb established himself as both a world class researcher in Surface Science, and as a gifted mentor. Indeed, nearly all of his graduate students became professors of physics or engineering, or researchers in industry or at national laboratories. His contributions were mainly in Surface Science, a field in which he was one of the architects, and for which he was recognized with the 1987 APS Davisson-Germer award []. This was an especially fitting honor: while at GE he had heard a lecture by Lester Germer on electron diffraction as a test of quantum mechanics, and this motivated him to adopt low energy electron diffraction (LEED) as the focus for his research. As was generally recognized at the time a challenge in using the diffracted intensities to determine atom arrangements is the much stronger coupling of the incident radiation, i.e. electrons, to atoms than would be the case for x-ray diffraction (XRD); this means surface sensitivity, but also that multiple scattering is even more important in LEED than in XRD. As he noted in a seminal review monograph by Webb and his former student Max Lagally, published in the journal Solid State Physics [], the multiple scattering contribution is dependent not only on the momentum transfer, but also in the incident direction of the electrons; Following on a suggestion by Wyn Robertson [] he proposed an approach involving averaging the intensity within a diffracted beam over a broad range of incident angles to allow for a simpler, quasi kinematic interpretation of the intensity in terms of the atom arrangement; going beyond Roberts his approach correctly accounted for refraction due to the inner potential [] which trends to confine electrons to a solid. He and a series of students applied this averaging of diffracted beam intensities at constant momentum transfer to probe the arrangements of atoms using a “quasi kinematical” analysis, both for the Ni(001) surface [Unertl], as well as the famous (7x7) reconstruction of Si(111) [Bennett1983]. In the latter case the results pointed to an admixture of FCC and HCP stacking of atoms at the surface [], an important clue to the solution of the biggest puzzle in Surface Science: the “dimer-adatom-stacking” (DAS) geometry of the (7x7) reconstruction, proposed by Takayanagi [Takayanagi1985], and verified by the then newly developed technique of scanning tunneling microscopy [Binnig1983]. Walter Harrison later recounted: “The case I remember the clearest was many years ago when you suggested that there might be a stacking fault under half of the seven-by-seven reconstruction on silicon. I took it seriously, but said that it couldn't be. It would prevent growth of a perfect crystal on a (111) surface, which was well known to occur. It took another ten years or so, when Takayanagi sorted out the details, to find that yes, the stacking fault was there just where you said it was. Great for you! At least I recorded your prediction afterward in my Elementary Electronic Structure [Harrison1999], but I have always been afraid I talked you out of publishing it at the time.”[Harrison2011].

A second important difference between LEED and XRD is the effect of temperature on the diffracted intensities-in a series of papers [Barnes, Dennis] Webb and his students explained the difference in the form of the single-photon scattering, which falls off like the inverse of the phonon momentum in LEED as compared to the inverse square dependence in XRD as resulting from the finite penetration of the incident radiation in the latter case, and demonstrated this by direct integration of the intensity over the appropriate 2D Brillouin zone []. He was not however limited to a single experimental technique. Instead Barney approached scientific problems with a very powerful tool: his deep physical insight. Indeed, his true gift was an ability to see through a complex problem and expose the underlying physical principles. This insight allowed him to design often deceptively simple experiments to uncover the driving physics in these nearly 2-d systems. A significant example is provided by a series of experiments he and his students carried out at cryogenic temperatures where noble gas atoms like xenon or krypton adsorb to solid surfaces []. Their earliest work used single crystal silver as a substrate which mainly provided a confining potential, keeping the atoms close to the surface, but allowing the interactions of these atoms to be probed via the via changes in the diffraction pattern []. This work allowed the interactions of atoms in a nearly two dimensional system to be probed, and contributing to the understanding of ordering in reduced dimensionality []. During this period he collaborated extensively with Professor Ludwig Bruch [], who was interested in understanding the properties of non-ideal gases in two dimensions. In an insightful extension of this approach, he and his students examined the effect of adsorption of noble gas atoms on reconstructed semiconductor surfaces [], measuring the pressure vs temperature dependence of stepwise changes of the diffracted intensity from the underlying substrate, and comparing this with calculated “isosteres” based upon pairwise Lennard-Jones interactions between the noble gas “adatoms”, and the underlying substrate atoms – Webb reasoned that these are weak compared to those determining the reconstruction, and that a discrimination between model geometries was possible.

A hallmark of Barney’s group was clever design of experiments using homebuilt equipment, allowing them to keep pace with colleagues in industrial research organizations like Bell Labs and IBM, with whom he interacted extensively. Webb made summer visits to Bell Labs to stay abreast of developments in silicon-based technology. Bell Labs Scientist Len Feldman later recounted: “I remember well that we seduced you to Bell Labs (must have been about 1980) for a few days to teach me how to clean silicon! The image in my head is five of us (you, me, Walt Augustyniak, Paul Silverman and Bob Kaufman, post-doc) staring at a chart recorder watching the shape and intensity of the Si LVV line. My boss, Walter Brown, walked in to the Lab, looked at our group, silently but pointedly counting to five on his fingers and wondering why it took five of us to watch the recorder. As I remember you quietly explained that cleaning silicon was an art (a Zen-like activity) and indeed it took the will of all of us to get the surface clean and see the 7th order spots. If I gave that explanation I would be fired, but if Barney Webb said so it must be true!” []. .  As another example, in the mid 1980’s the several surface reconstructions suggested a competition between bond-breaking energies and strain energy. Barney devised a simple approach to apply stress directly to a solid wafer and observe the results of strain on surface structure, initially via electron diffraction [],The initial thought was to observe the effect of an applied stress on the famous (7x7) to “1x1” surface reconstructive order-disorder transition [] on Si(111) which he and his group had studied years earlier []. However they found that the stress resulted in bulk slip well below the transition temperature on the (111) surface – they thus switched to studying the effect of applied stress on the reconstruction of the Si(001) surface, on which regions of (2x1) and (1x2) “dimer-row” reconstructions ordinarily coexist in equal amounts, with domains of each separated by atom-height steps. They observed that an applied stress breaks the degeneracy between the two reconstructive orientations, via a pairing of steps []. These initial experiments were followed by extensive work based on scanning tunneling microscopy []. As Ludwig Bruch recalls: “At the beginning of wide-spread activity with scanning tunneling microscopes, the Physics Department made an unsuccessful attempt to recruit a faculty member with that expertise. Instead what happened was that a technical assistant in the Bell Labs group came as a graduate student and the Webb-Lagally collaboration became one of the leaders in using the technique for silicon surfaces.”  This work led to detailed and quantitative understanding of the energetics and kinetics of steps and kinks on the Si(001) surface in equilibrium, during stress driven transitions and epitaxial growth [].

For decades Webb was a fixture at the APS March meeting, the AVS meeting, the Physical Electronics Conference, and many others. He never missed the UW Physics colloquia-whatever the topic, always sitting in the front row and ready with questions that cut to the basic principles, often providing new insights for both the speaker and audience. He had a charming, self-effacing approach, often beginning a scientific discussion by saying “I don’t know much about that, but…” at which point it would become clear that he had grasped the issue to its essence.

Mentoring of students
Many of his students later related stories of the hours he would spend training them to give first talks at meetings, along with his fatherly approach to mentoring, his love of science, and his devotion to the UW Madison and the Physics community in general. Throughout his career he was an unapologetic proponent of curiosity-driven science. He would often reply to updates from former students on current research with detailed questions, but almost always ending with: “so… you’re having fun.”

Service to the University of Wisconsin-Madison
Webb’s contributions to the University of Wisconsin Madison extended beyond teaching and research. He served as the Physics Department Chair from 1971-1973, taking the reins of a department that had been traumatized by the 1970 Sterling Hall bombing during the Vietnam war []. Later he took on the role of faculty liaison for the athletic board. At the request of Provost Irving Shain he directed the search for a new athletic director after the retirement of Elroy Hirsch, eventually hiring Pat Richter. His service included chairing the Physical Sciences Division Committee and serving on the UW Research Committee. His service roles resulted in extensive interactions with Provost Donna Shalala, who later served in the Carter and Clinton administrations, as well as in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Personal Life
Beyond science Webb displayed an impressively wide range of talents and interests. He was a skilled woodworker, building furniture, and innovating fixtures for making precise woodworking joints. He loved to cook, bringing into play his scientific bent here as well-he once described the right way to poach an egg, adding a drop of vinegar to the water to congeal the albumen. He was competitive in a number of sports, including ping-pong (a former student recounts thinking himself proficient until playing against Barney-“he toyed with me”), golf, and above all sailing:  early Webb graduate students recount occasional group meetings on board his boat “The Half Hitch”. His children, Richard, Craig and Kathryn recall that he “loved the great outdoors, was awed by the wonders of nature, and wanted to share them with his family - which led to many National Park visits, camping, and hiking trips. Perhaps this meshed with his respect for nature on a microscopic scale.”

He brought an intelligent, reasoned approach to conversations on myriad topics including politics, and the effect that bigtime sports was having on higher education. Of the value of the higher education he was fully convinced, once remarking that the GI Bill at the end of World War II, which allowed soldiers to attend the University was one of the best investments ever made, and drove the subsequent success of the US in the 20th century [].

Later life
In 1996, on the occasion of his 70th birthday, many of his former students united at the “Webbfest” to share talks illustrating how he had helped to shape their careers. 15 years later, at age 85, and after a decade of “official” retirement, he gave his own reflections at a second get together of students and colleagues,  in which he remarked that the most gratifying aspect of his career had been interaction with   students-he clearly meant this. His commitment to the UW-Madison Physics department did not end with this swansong: he continued over the final decade of his life to come to the University for scientific discussions on the latest directions in Physics, and for lunch with younger colleagues and former students, offering insights and sage advice to the end of his life, at 94 years [].

Reference section
[Minds2001] Oral History Interview: Maurice Webb https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/73681

[Schmitt2017] Fox Cities Murder & Mayhem, Gavin Schmitt (2017)

https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/pt.6.4o.20210615a/full/

[Neugebauer1962] Neugebauer, C.A. and Webb, M.B., 1962. Electrical conduction mechanism in ultrathin, evaporated metal films. Journal of Applied Physics, 33(1), pp.74-82.

[Mo1991] Mo, Y.W., Kleiner, J., Webb, M.B. and Lagally, M.G., 1991. Activation energy for surface diffusion of Si on Si (001): A scanning-tunneling-microscopy study. Physical review letters, 66(15), p.1998.

[Swartzentruber1989] Swartzentruber, B., Mo, Y.W., Webb, M.B. and Lagally, M.G., 1989. Scanning tunneling microscopy studies of structural disorder and steps on Si surfaces. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 7(4), pp.2901-2905.

[Mo1989] Mo, Y.W., Swartzentruber, B.S., Kariotis, R., Webb, M.B. and Lagally, M.G., 1989. Growth and equilibrium structures in the epitaxy of Si on Si (001). Physical review letters, 63(21), p.2393.

[Mo1992] Mo, Y.W., Kleiner, J., Webb, M.B. and Lagally, M.G., 1992. Surface self-diffusion of Si on Si (001). Surface science, 268(1-3), pp.275-295.

[Swartzentruber1990] Swartzentruber, B.S., Mo, Y.W., Kariotis, R., Lagally, M.G. and Webb, M.B., 1990. Direct determination of step and kink energies on vicinal Si (001). Physical review letters, 65(15), p.1913.

[Men1988] Men, F.K., Packard, W.E. and Webb, M.B., 1988. Si (100) surface under an externally applied stress. Physical Review Letters, 61(21), p.2469.

[Swartzentruber1993] Swartzentruber, B.S., Kitamura, N., Lagally, M.G. and Webb, M.B., 1993. Behavior of steps on Si (001) as a function of vicinality. Physical Review B, 47(20), p.13432.

[Tong1988] Tong, S.Y., Huang, H., Wei, C.M., Packard, W.E., Men, F.K., Glander, G. and Webb, M.B., 1988. Low‐energy electron diffraction analysis of the Si (111) 7× 7 structure. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 6(3), pp.615-624.

[Poppendieck1978] Poppendieck, T.D., Ngoc, T.C. and Webb, M.B., 1978. An electron diffraction study of the structure of silicon (100). Surface Science, 75(2), pp.287-315.

[Mo1990] Mo, Y.W., Kariotis, R., Swartzentruber, B.S., Webb, M.B. and Lagally, M.G., 1990. Scanning tunneling microscopy study of diffusion, growth, and coarsening of Si on Si (001). Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 8(1), pp.201-206.

[Webb1991] Webb, M.B., Men, F.K., Swartzentruber, B.S., Kariotis, R. and Lagally, M.G., 1991. Surface step configurations under strain: Kinetics and step-step interactions. Surface science, 242(1-3), pp.23-31.

[Kitamura1993b] Kitamura, N., Lagally, M.G. and Webb, M.B., 1993. Real-time observations of vacancy diffusion on Si (001)-(2× 1) by scanning tunneling microscopy. Physical review letters, 71(13), p.2082.

[Unguris1979] Unguris, J., Bruch, L.W., Moog, E.R. and Webb, M.B., 1979. Xe adsorption on Ag (111): experiment. Surface Science, 87(2), pp.415-436.

[Unguris1981] Unguris, J., Bruch, L.W., Moog, E.R. and Webb, M.B., 1981. Ar and Kr adsorption on Ag (111). Surface Science, 109(3), pp.522-556.

[Phaneuf1985] Phaneuf, R.J. and Webb, M.B., 1985. A LEED study of Ge (111); a high-temperature incommensurate structure. Surface science, 164(1), pp.167-195.

[Jones1966] Jones, E.R., McKinney, J.T. and Webb, M.B., 1966. Surface lattice dynamics of silver. I. Low-energy electron Debye-Waller factor. Physical Review, 151(2), p.476.

[Huang1988] Huang, H., Tong, S.Y., Packard, W.E. and Webb, M.B., 1988. Atomic geometry of Si (111) 7× 7 by dynamical low-energy electron diffraction. Physics Letters A, 130(3), pp.166-170.

[Kitamura1993] Kitamura, N., Swartzentruber, B.S., Lagally, M.G. and Webb, M.B., 1993. Variable-temperature STM measurements of step kinetics on Si (001). Physical Review B, 48(8), p.5704.

[Price1958] Price, P.B., Vermilyea, D.A. and Webb, M.B., 1958. On the growth and properties of electrolytic whiskers. Acta Metallurgica, 6(8), pp.524-531.

[Webb1974] Webb, M.B. and Lagally, M.G., 1974. Elastic scattering of low-energy electrons from surfaces. In Solid State Physics (Vol. 28, pp. 301-405). Academic Press.

[Lagally1971] Lagally, M.G., Ngoc, T.C. and Webb, M.B., 1971. Kinematic Low-Energy Electron-Diffraction Intensities from Averaged Data: A Method for Surface Crystallography. Physical Review Letters, 26(25), p.1557.

[Cohen1976] Cohen, P.I., Unguris, J. and Webb, M.B., 1976. Xe monolayer adsorption on Ag (111) I. Structural properties. Surface Science, 58(2), pp.429-456.

[Swartzentruber1990b] Swartzentruber, B.S., Mo, Y.W., Webb, M.B. and Lagally, M.G., 1990. Observations of strain effects on the Si (001) surface using scanning tunneling microscopy. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 8(1), pp.210-213.

[Glander1989] Glander, G.S. and Webb, M.B., 1989. Na adsorption on Si (100): Dosing results. Surface science, 222(1), pp.64-83.

[Moog1984] Moog, E.R. and Webb, M.B., 1984. Xenon and krypton adsorption on palladium (100). Surface science, 148(2-3), pp.338-370.

[Schilling1970] Schilling, J.S. and Webb, M.B., 1970. Low-energy electron diffraction from liquid Hg: multiple scattering, scattering factor, and attenuation. Physical Review B, 2(6), p.1665.

[McKinney1967] McKinney, J.T., Jones, E.R. and Webb, M.B., 1967. Surface lattice dynamics of silver. II. low-energy electron thermal diffuse scattering. Physical Review, 160(3), p.523.

[Webb1994] Webb, M.B., 1994. Strain effects on Si (001). Surface science, 299, pp.454-468.

[Barnes1968] Barnes, R.F., Lagally, M.G. and Webb, M.B., 1968. Multiphonon scattering of low-energy electrons. Physical Review, 171(3), p.627.

[Stoner1978] Stoner, N., Van Hove, M.A., Tong, S.Y. and Webb, M.B., 1978. Dynamical Calculations of Low-Energy Electron Diffraction for Incommensurate Lattice Structures—Xe on Ag (111). Physical Review Letters, 40(4), p.243.

[Ngoc1973] Ngoc, T.C., Lagally, M.G. and Webb, M.B., 1973. A method to obtain kinematic intensities from low-energy electron diffraction data. Surface Science, 35, pp.117-144.

[Unguris1982] Unguris, J., Bruch, L.W., Webb, M.B. and Phillips, J.M., 1982. Two-dimensional gas phases of Ar, Kr, and Xe on Ag (111). Surface Science, 114(1), pp.219-239.

[Moog1983] Moog, E.R., Unguris, J. and Webb, M.B., 1983. Electron stimulated desorption of Xe, Kr, and Ar. Surface science, 134(3), pp.849-864.

[Wei1990] Wei, C.M., Huang, H., Tong, S.Y., Glander, G.S. and Webb, M.B., 1990. Adsorption geometry of (2× 1) Na on Si (001). Physical Review B, 42(17), p.11284.

[Glander1989] Glander, G.S. and Webb, M.B., 1989. Na adsorption on Si (100): Equilibrium results. Surface science, 224(1-3), pp.60-76.

[Bruch1976] Bruch, L.W., Cohen, P.I. and Webb, M.B., 1976. Xe monolayer adsorption on Ag (111): II. Lateral structure and Xe-Xe interactions. Surface Science, 59(1), pp.1-16.

[Beeman1957] Beeman, W.W., Kaesberg, P., Anderegg, J.W. and Webb, M.B., 1957. Size of particles and lattice defects. In Structural Research/Strukturforschung (pp. 321-442). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

[Lagally1972] Lagally, M.G., Ngoc, T.C. and Webb, M.B., 1972. Averaged Low-Energy Electron Diffraction Intensities from Ni (111). Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 9(2), pp.645-649.

[Bruch1979] Bruch, L.W., Unguris, J. and Webb, M.B., 1979. Effects of lateral compression on a non-registered monolayer. Surface Science, 87(2), pp.437-456.

[Conrad1983] Conrad, E. and Webb, M.B., 1983. Xe and Kr adsorption on the Si (111) 7× 7 surface. Surface Science, 129(1), pp.37-58.

[Dennis1973] Dennis, R.L. and Webb, M.B., 1973. Thermal Diffuse Scattering of Low-Energy Electrons at Low Temperature. Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 10(1), pp.192-195.

[Weber1969] Weber, W.H. and Webb, M.B., 1969. Inelastic Scattering in Low-Energy Electron Diffraction from Silver. Physical Review, 177(3), p.1103.

[Mo1990] Mo, Y.W., Kariotis, R., Swartzentruber, B.S., Webb, M.B. and Lagally, M.G., 1990. Growth of Si on flat and vicinal Si (001) surfaces: A scanning tunneling microscopy study. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics Processing and Phenomena, 8(2), pp.232-236.

[Unertl1976] Unertl, W.N. and Webb, M.B., 1976. Surface parameters of clean nickel (001) determined by LEED averaging. Surface Science, 59(2), pp.373-400.

[Webb1959b] Webb, M.B. and Beeman, W.W., 1959. Double Bragg scattering in cold-worked metals. Acta Metallurgica, 7(3), pp.203-209.

[Webb1990] Webb, M.B., Men, F.K., Swartzentruber, B.S. and Lagally, M.G., 1990. The effect of external stress on Si surfaces. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 8(3), pp.2658-2661.

[Packard1988] Packard, W.E. and Webb, M.B., 1988. Xenon and krypton adsorption on Ge (111). Surface science, 195(3), pp.371-391.

[Lagally1968] LaSgally, M.G. and Webb, M.B., 1968. Experimental Determination of the Effective Atomic-Scattering Factor and Rigid-Lattice Interference Function in Low-Energy Electron Diffraction. Physical Review Letters, 21(19), p.1388.

[Webb1961] Webb, M.B., 1961. Knight shifts and quadrupole effects in Al alloys. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 20(1-2), pp.127-133.

[Buchholz1974] Buchholz, J.C., Lagally, M.G. and Webb, M.B., 1974. Fourier inversion of LEED data. Surface Science, 41(1), pp.248-256.

[Tucker1959] Tucker Jr, C.W. and Webb, M.B., 1959. Electron irradiation of aluminum-copper alloys. Acta Metallurgica, 7(3), pp.187-190.

[Webb1959] Webb, M.B., 1959. The structure of GP zones in Al (Ag) alloys. Acta Metallurgica, 7(11), pp.748-750.

[Webb1981] Webb, M.B. and Bennett, P.A., 1981. The Si (111) 7× 7 to’’1× 1’’transition: A summary. Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 18(3), pp.847-851.

[Webb1976] Webb, M.B. and Cohen, P.I., 1976. Structural studies of clean and overlayered surfaces with an application to Xe adsorption on Ag. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Material Sciences, 6(3), pp.253-273.

[Lagally1990] Lagally, M.G., Mo, Y.W., Kariotis, R., Swartzentruber, B.S. and Webb, M.B., 1990. Microscopic aspects of the initial stages of epitaxial growth: a scanning tunneling microscopy study of Si on Si (001). In Kinetics of Ordering and Growth at Surfaces (pp. 145-168). Springer, Boston, MA.

[Bennett1981] Bennett, P.A. and Webb, M.W., 1981. The Si (111) 7× 7 TO “1× 1” transition. Surface Science, 104(1), pp.74-104.

[Webb1975] Webb, M.B., Buchholz, J.C., Lagally, M.G. and Unertl, W.N., 1975. Low-energy electron diffraction studies of clean and overlayered surfaces. In The Physical Basis for Heterogeneous Catalysis (pp. 145-172). Springer, Boston, MA.

[Webb1986] Webb, M.B., Phaneuf, R.J. and Packard, W.E., 1986. Low energy electron diffraction and physisorption studies of the Ge (111) surface (Doctoral dissertation, American Vacuum Society).

[Webb1990] Webb, M.B., Men, F.K., Swartzentruber, B.S., Kariotis, R. and Lagally, M.G., 1990. Kinetics of Strain-Induced Domain Formation at Surfaces. In Kinetics of Ordering and Growth at Surfaces (pp. 113-124). Springer, Boston, MA.

[Pippard1960] Pippard, A.B., Harrison, W.A. and Webb, M.B., 1960. The Fermi Surface.

[Harrison1960] The Fermi Surface; Proceedings of an International Conference Held At Cooperstown, New York on August 22-24, 1960. Edited by W.A. Harrison and M.B. Webb.

[Quinto1973] Quinto, D.T. and Robertson, W.D., 1973. Low energy electron diffraction profiles from aluminum (100): Reproducibility and an evaluation of intensity averaged at constant momentum transfer. Surface Science, 34(3), pp.501-521.

[Takayanagi1985] Takayanagi, K., Tanishiro, Y., Takahashi, M. and Takahashi, S., 1985. Structural analysis of Si (111)‐7× 7 by UHV‐transmission electron diffraction and microscopy. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 3(3), pp.1502-1506.

[Bennett1983] Bennett, P.A., Feldman, L.C., Kuk, Y., McRae, E.G. and Rowe, J.E., 1983. Stacking-fault model for the Si (111)-(7× 7) surface. Physical Review B, 28(6), p.3656.

[Binnig1983] Binnig, G., Rohrer, H., Gerber, C. and Weibel, E., 1983. 7× 7 reconstruction on Si (111) resolved in real space. Physical review letters, 50(2), p.120.

[Harrison1999] Harrison, W., 1999. Elementary Electronic Structure.

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