User:Baenayoung/sandbox1

= 한국에서의 흡연 = 한국에서의 흡연률은 지난 수십년 동안 남성과 여성 모두에게서 전반적으로 감소했다. 그러나 특히 전자담배, 열연 단배 등 참신한 담배제품이 증가함에 따라, 담배의 유행이 여전히 높은 것으로 관측되고 있다. 성별, 소득, 교육, 직업 계층에 따른 흡연 유병률에는 사회 경제적 불평등이 있다. 지지자들은 모니터링과 담배 규제 정책을 결합하여 흡연율을 줄이고 흡연 불평등을 해소하기 위한 대책을 촉구하고 있다. 이 조치들에는 상당한 가격 인상, 담뱃갑에 대한 의무적인 경고 사진, 광고 금지, 재정적 인센티브, 금연 의료 지원, 공공 장소에서의 흡연 금지 등이 포함되어 있다.



역사
흡연은 1600년대 초 일본에서의 담배의 도입을 통해 한국에 도착했고, 빠르게 남녀노소, 사회계층, 연령에 관계없이 국민들 사이에서 널리 보급되었고 대중적인 활동으로 자리잡았다. 이는 당시 한국의 맥락에서 찾아볼 수 있는 담배의 매력적 특성 때문이었다. 즉, 담배 재배에 유리한 기후와 토양은 수익성 있는 경제 분야를 만들어 냈고, 흡연은 건강증진, 사회 문화 활동으로 간주되어왔다.

비록 흡연이 모든 사람들 사이에서 흔했지만, 사용된 담배의 질은 계층 구조에 따라 달랐다. 젊은 여성과 중년 여성에 대한 낙인이 발생하기 시작한 1880년경까지 남성과 여성 모두 흡연을 했다.

어른
2017년 세계보건기구(WHO)의 세계 담배 전염병 보고서에 따르면 2015년 흡연 유병률은 남성 49.8%, 여성 4.2%로 추정되는데, 이는 일상 흡연자와 비일상 흡연자를 모두 포함했다. 일용 흡연자만 포함된 경제협력개발기구(OECD)의 또 다른 조사에서는 2015년 흡연율이 남성 31.1%, 여성 3.4%로 나타났다. 한국보건영양검사(KNHANES)는 우리나라 성인(19세 이상)의 흡연행태를 추적하고 있다. KNHANES는 3,840가구 중 1세 이상 인구 약 1만 명을 대상으로 설문조사를 통해 한국 인구를 대표하는 것을 목표로 하고 있다. 이 조사에서 성인 흡연자는 평생 최소 5갑의 담배를 매일 또는 종종 피우는 것으로 드러났다. 2016년 흡연 유병률은 남성 성인의 40.7%, 여성 성인의 6.4%로 나타났다.

청소년
한국청소년위험행동 웹기반조사(KYRBWS)는 매년 12세에서 18세 사이의 개인으로 정의되는 한국 청소년들의 흡연행태를 추적하고 있다. 이 조사에서 청소년 흡연자는 지난 30일 동안 하루 이상 담배를 피운 사람으로 구분된다. 2015년 청소년 담배 유병률은 7.8%로 측정됐다. 2013년 흡연 유병률은 남성 청소년의 14.4%, 여성 청소년의 4.6%로 나타났다. 청소년층이 나누어서 구분해 볼 때 고등학생은 중학생(남성 7.9%, 여성 2.8%)에 비해 유병률(남성 20.7%, 여성 6.3%)이 높았다.

전자담배
전자담배는 2007년 국내 시장에 도입됐다. 다른 나라에서는 청소년의 전자담배 사용이 급증한 반면 한국에서는 안정적인 저수준을 유지하고 있다. 2015년 KYRBWS에 따르면 청소년의 전자담배 유병률은 4%로 나타났다. 청소년이 전자담배 사용자의 3% 미만이다.

다른 담배 제품들
회사 필립모리스인터내셔널(PMI)의 열연 담배 제품 아이코스(IQOS)가 2017년 5월 서울 시내 2개 매장에서 국내에 선보였다. 한 달 뒤인 6월 IQOS는 CU(편의점 체인)와 일렉트로마트(전자제품 매장 체인점) 등 다른 소매점에서 판매됐다.

일반적인 태도
Compared with the past, smoking has become substantially less prevalent. Still, South Korea has a high smoking prevalence, but tobacco control measures may be a strategy to depict smoking as an undesirable or socially unacceptable activity in public places. Research has shown that smoke-free policies help to change attitudes towards smoking bans in public places. Specifically, through a process called denormalization, smoke-free policies may shift attitudes of smokers and non-smokers from smoking acceptance to regarding it as an atypical behavior.

There is a cultural reluctance to seek treatment such as medical or psychological support. 87.8% of Korean male smokers indicated that they would rather try to quit smoking by themselves than seek out smoking cessation tools.

Local smoking etiquette in South Korea is influenced by Confucianism. For instance, smokers generally refrain from, or seek permission before lighting up in the presence of social superiors; a social superior could be a boss, professor, parent, grandparent, or teacher.

사회적 차이
According to the 2013 KNHANES, the highest prevalence rates among both Korean male and female adults were found to be among those of either lower household income or lower education level. Another study also indicated that the “low” income quartile group showed the highest smoking rates for both males and females. Specifically, the difference in cigarette smoking prevalence between those with the highest and lowest household incomes was 11.8% among males and 5.4% among females. On the other hand, the lowest rates were found to be among those with college and higher education levels. For males, smoking was most prevalent among technicians and mechanics (51.6%), service and sale workers (51.4%), and simple laborers (49.3%). For females, smoking was most prevalent among service and sales workers (10.8%), simple laborers (8.2%), and agriculture, forestry, fishing workers (5.0%). While “rural” regions showed the highest smoking rates among males, “other urban city” showed the highest smoking rates among females.

The highest adolescent smoking rates were found to be among those of either lower household economic status or lower perceived academic records. Furthermore, smoking use was higher among students attending vocational high schools (31.6% males, 14.8% females) compared with those attending general high schools (18.2% males, 4.7% females).

성별적 차이
South Korea has a significant gender difference in its smoking rates. While its male smoking rate is the highest of all countries in the OECD, its female smoking rate is the lowest. However, the female smoking rate is thought to be underestimated due to social desirability response bias in the self-reported surveys, where participants did not want to indicate smoking activity to family members or neighbor during the survey, as well as the negative stigmas associated with smoking among women. Compared with the reported rates, the actual rates, which were measured using urinary cotinine concentration (UCC) methods, were shown to be about two times higher. This is because female smoking is viewed very negatively and socially condemned. The stigmas behind female smoking may even contribute to the reporting differences between married and other (e.g. divorced, unmarried, widowed, etc.) women who may not feel as restricted by social pressures to hide their smoking statuses. Unmarried women have a higher smoking rate. It is important for smoke-free policies to specifically address hidden female smoking activity in order to prevent the possibly increasing prevalence rates among women.

There are also adolescent gender differences in smoking initiation factors. Whereas stress was strongly correlated with smoking initiation for male adolescents, family income was a strong factor for female adolescents. For both male and female adolescents, attachment to friends, smoking friends, stigma, and self-control were common factors for smoking initiation.

군복무(병역)
Reports suggest that persistently high rates of smoking in the military contribute to the high incidence of male smoking and negate the efficacy of anti-smoking measures. This is because as many men start smoking during their mandatory 2-year military service. Smoking is largely framed as a social activity, and cigarettes are freely distributed.

담배 통제
Although historically tobacco control in South Korea hasn’t been as strict, the government has recently enacted regulations like increases in the cigarette cost, increased taxation of tobacco products, smoking bans, and limitations on tobacco advertisements in stores. For example, in 2016, graphical health warnings on all cigarette packages became mandatory.

Tobacco control measures have shown to be effective in decreasing smoking prevalence rates. For example, in 1980, the smoking rates of men and women were 79.3% and 12.6%, respectively. Various laws, policies, and campaigns in the following decades were able to decrease smoking rates significantly (45.0% for men and 5.3% for women). Although South Korea’s tobacco control policies have improved in the past years, they can still be expanded on. For example, the cigarette costs can still be increased further, tobacco advertisements can be regulated more, and workplace smoking bans can include smaller companies. Challenges to addressing the high prevalence of smoking in South Korea include the low cost of cigarettes, social factors, inadequate anti-smoking measures, and the rise of new tobacco products.

The sociocultural and economical context of South Korea should be considered when thinking about the trends in smoking prevalence and behavior. Significant economic growth and market liberalization have allowed transnational tobacco companies to advertise and sell their products to South Korea’s market, often targeting populations like women and young adults.

Tobacco control policies need to be comprehensive in order to optimize efficacy and sustainability. A study inquired smokers in Korea about the price increase that would be needed in order for them to attempt quitting. Overall, the median price to quit was $5.31, which is more than 2.3 times the typical current price of $2.27. Those who responded with a higher price to quit tended to also have less worries about the negative health effects of smoking and smoked more cigarettes per day. Furthermore, the survey found that the price to quit and prevalence of smoking were lower among those exposed to non-tax tobacco control policies compared with those who were not. Therefore, these results suggest that tax tobacco control policies need to be accompanied by non-tax tobacco control policies.

금연 정책들
Between 2005 and 2010, the support for smoking bans increased. The number of smokers who supported total smoking bans in the indoor areas of workplaces doubled from 17.7% in 2005 to 34.4% in 2010. Furthermore, support for total smoke-free restaurants or bars doubled. Not only in public places but the percentage of smokers who implemented smoking bans in their private homes also significantly increased. Despite this increase, still 50% of Korean smokers reported smoking in their homes.

Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is also an issue that calls for smoke-free policies. A study found that 17.8% of Korean men and women are exposed to SHS in indoor workplace areas while 21.1% are exposed in public indoor areas. The dangers associated with secondhand smoke are well-known among Korean smokers. The more they were aware of the harms of SHS, the more they were likely to support a total smoking ban in workplaces.

South Korea enforced strict smoking bans in public places since July 2013, with fines of ₩100,000 won on any spotted smoker and up to ₩5 million won on shop owners not following the law. It is illegal  to smoke in all bars and restaurants, cafes, internet cafes, government buildings, kindergartens, schools, universities, hospitals, youth facilities, libraries, children's playgrounds, private academies, subway or train stations and their platforms and underground pathways, large buildings, theaters, department stores or shopping malls, large hotels and highway rest areas. The strict bans came into force gradually beginning with a ban on places larger than 150 square meters in 2012, extended to 100 square meters in 2014, with a full-fledged complete nationwide ban on 1 January 2015.

Since 1 January 2015, South Korea has completely banned smoking on all bars, restaurants and cafes regardless of size, including any smoking rooms. Any spotted smoker must pay fines of 100,000 won and up to 5 million won on shop owners not obeying the law. Anyone can report a smoker via calling or sending a text message to a government hotline (in the case of Seoul, the number is 120) with their location address and authorities will raid the reported place, of which a picture of the offending smoker will be taken and fined 100,000 won. Disguised authorities also secretly check random places at random times for offending smokers. Furthermore, tobacco prices have nearly doubled to an average of ₩4,500 KRW, and it is illegal to advertise misleading claims such as "light", "mild", "low tar" or "pure" on cigarette packs.

From December 2016, warning photos such as rotten teeth and black lungs will be mandatory on all cigarette packs.

Eight out of ten teenagers were found to think they should not smoke by looking at cigarette pack warning pictures. According to the Center for Disease Control, 83.1% of teenagers who know cigarette warning pictures responded that they thought smoking cigarettes should not be allowed to smoke. The health authorities have announced that they will replace the cigarette warning label in December and will include a picture symbolizing 'carcinogenicity' in cigarette-type electronic cigarette packs.

Discussion is under way at the National Assembly to pass a law that will raise the prices every year pegged to inflation. The government will pass a law in 2015 to completely ban any form of advertising of cigarettes in convenience stores and make it illegal for tobacco companies to sponsor cultural or sport events.

전국적
Smoking is illegal and strictly prohibited in the following premises:


 * Office, multi-use or factory buildings larger than 1,000 square meters in floor area (of which offices, conference rooms, auditorium and lobby must be smoke-free).
 * Institutions larger than 1,000 square meters in floor area (of which classrooms, waiting rooms and lounges must be smoke-free).
 * Shopping malls, department stores and underground malls (of which any shop selling goods must be smoke-free).
 * Hotels and resorts (of which the lobby must be smoke-free).
 * Universities (of which lecture rooms, lounges, auditorium, cafeteria and conference hall must be smoke-free).
 * Indoor sports facilities such as basketball and volleyball courts which can seat more than 1,000 people (of which the seats and pathways must be smoke-free).
 * Social welfare facilities (of which the living and working rooms, lounge, cafeteria and conference hall must be smoke-free).
 * Airports, bus terminals and train stations (of which waiting rooms, domestic flights, cabins, inside trains, subway car and its platform and underground stations and underground pathways must be smoke-free).
 * Any vehicle that can seat more than 16 people.
 * Public baths (of which changing rooms and bathing rooms must be smoke-free).
 * Game arcades, comic book renting shops and internet cafes.
 * Bars, restaurants, cafes, fast food restaurants and bakeries, regardless of size.
 * Baseball or football/soccer stadiums which can seat more than 1,000 people (of which the seats and pathways must be smoke-free).
 * Kindergartens, primary and secondary schools.
 * Hospitals and health centers.
 * Nurseries.
 * Taxis.

서울
In addition to the nationwide ban laws, Seoul designates the following areas must be smoke-free and any spotted smoker must pay a fine of 100,000 won:


 * All subway station exits (10m around the exits) from April 2016.
 * Subway station exits in Gwanak District, Seocho District and Yeongdeungpo District (10m around the exits).
 * All parks owned by Seoul city (including sidewalks around rivers or streams).
 * All bus stops.
 * Apartments designated as smoke-free.
 * All gas stations.
 * Road between Gwanghwamun and Seoul Station.
 * Cheonggye plaza at the beginning of Cheongyecheon and Gwanghwamun plaza.
 * Insa-dong street.
 * Both sides of the road between Gangnam Station and Sinnonhyeon Station. Extended to the road between Gangnam Station and Woosung Apartments in 2015.
 * The area surrounding Jamsil Station which includes Lotte World, Lotte World Tower, Songpa-gu Office, Galleria Palace apartments and entrance to Seokchon Lake.
 * Namdaemun street around Myeong-dong.
 * Both sides of the road between Yeouido Station and Yeouinaru Station.
 * Yeongdeungpo Station plaza and both sides of the National Assembly road (2.1 km).
 * Both sides of the road around the Daechi-dong academy town.
 * Festivals street in Mok-dong around Happy department store.
 * Streets around the entrance of Hankuk University of Foreign Studies and Kyung Hee University.
 * Seongbuk and Jeongneung streams, Hanaro street, Amazon street near Mia Elementary School.

다른 지역들
In addition to the nationwide ban laws, several cities designate the following areas must be smoke-free:


 * Apartment corridors, stairs, elevators and car parks in Gyeonggi-do if at least 60% of residents have agreed to keep them smoke-free.
 * Wolmi-do culture street in Incheon.
 * All bus stops, areas around schools, Lake Park and Hwarang pleasure ground in Ansan.
 * All bus stops, areas around schools and city parks in Seongnam.
 * The entire Busan Citizens' Park.
 * Dongseong street in Daegu.
 * Noeun Station and Yuseong Culture Park in Daejeon's Yuseong District.
 * Sanbon Rodeo Street in Gunpo.

공공 캠페인
Although public campaigns have been used in South Korea, further evaluation is needed to assess their effectiveness. The public campaigns included mass media campaigns on television and radio, advertisements on public transportation, online education, and self-help leaflets in health centers. The most effective form of campaign is one that reaches a large population and conveys negative health messages highlighting the harms of tobacco use.

마케팅
In South Korea, regulations on tobacco advertising differ depending on the form of communication. For instance, while tobacco advertisements on television and radio are banned, they are allowed in magazines and in retail stores. Tobacco sponsorship is restricted only for events strictly for women and children.

다른 개입들
Quitlines have been reported to be effective as a smoking cessation tool with the widespread use of mobile technology in South Korea. The "quit bus" provides smoking cessation services for socially marginalized smokers such as women.

금연 장려금
People who have successfully quit smoking will receive 50,000 to 150,000 KRW as a financial incentive from the government. A 12-week medical help program for quitting is provided at a heavily subsidized cost of 5,000KRW upon the first treatment, reduced to 3,000KRW thereafter. Smoking cessation aids such as bupropion, varenicline and nicotine patches are handed out for free at any participating medical center nationwide. Anyone in need of consulting smoking cessation can dial a hotline and consult a doctor or specialist.

Residents of Seoul's Seocho District will receive a 5 million KRW cash prize if they have successfully quit smoking.

건강에 미치는 영향
Tobacco smoking is considered to be the leading cause of preventable death and disability worldwide. Although there is rising awareness of the health effects of tobacco, the prevalent smoking environment in South Korea continues to place a significant burden of avoidable deaths. Smoking-attributable mortality was 58,1555 deaths in 2012 with 49,704 (34.7%) being adult males and 8,451 (7.2%) being adult females. 41.1% and 5.1% of all male and female cancer, respectively, and 33.4% and 5.4% of all male and female cardiovascular diseases were attributed to smoking. Furthermore, the prevalence of the major smoking-related diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypertension, cardiovascular disease) was found to be higher in former and current smokers compared to non-smoker. COPD had a significant association with current and former smoking in both male and female smokers after controlling for other variables.

A study found that exposure to parental smoking, including passive smoking, substantially increased the prevalence of respiratory and allergic symptoms in children. Passive smoking includes both secondhand smoke and third-hand smoke, which is a type of tobacco smoke that remains in the environment or is absorbed by objects like fabrics or carpets and can be inhaled. As parental smoking gradually decreased during the study, children’t symptoms also decreased. Although no direct relationship could be established, the study notes that the children’s decreased exposure to passive smoking may have contributed to the decline in symptoms.

경제에 미치는 영향
Smoking has a significant economic impact in South Korea. One study aimed to find the estimated annual economic impact of smoking using two approaches: the disease specific approach and all causes approach. The disease specific approach examined the direct and indirect costs of treating four major disease groups (cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal diseases, and cancer) caused by smoking. They did this by estimating the relative risks of smoking, accounted for by physician visits, hospital admission, and death with other variables (e.g. age, body mass index, alcohol consumption) adjusted for. This approach showed the total economic costs attributed to smoking in 1998 to be $2269.42 million - $2956.75 million, translated to 0.59-0.78% of the average gross domestic product (GDP) from 1997-1999. The all causes approach examined the differences in direct and indirect costs between smokers and non-smokers for all conditions, regardless of disease type. This approach estimated the total economic costs attributed to smoking in 1998 to be $3154.75 million - $4580.25 million, translated to 0.82-1.19% of the GDP.

다른 기사들 (참고 항목)

 * Smoking in North Korea
 * Health effects of tobacco
 * Health in South Korea
 * Prevalence of tobacco consumption
 * Women and smoking