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= Robbery in Russian law = Robbery – is a open theft of another's property, - is punishable by compulsory labor for a term of up to four hundred and eighty hours, either corrective labor for up to two years, or restraint of liberty for a period of two to four years, or compulsory labor for up to four years, either arrest for up to six months, or imprisonment for up to four years.

Robbery with violence is an assault with the purpose of stealing other people's property, committed with violence which threatens human life and health or with the threat of using such violence, shall be punishable by deprivation of liberty for a term of three to eight years, with confiscation of property or without such confiscation.

Robbery committed:
a) by a group of persons in a preliminary conspiracy;

b) repeatedly;

c) with an illegal entry into a home, premises, or any other storehouse;

d) with the use of coercion that is not dangerous to human life or health, or with the threat of use of such coercion;

e) with the infliction of considerable damage on an individual,

shall be punishable by deprivation of liberty for a term of three to seven years, with a fine in the amount of 50 minimum wages, or in the amount of the wage or salary, or any other income of the convicted person for a period of up to one month, or without any fine.

Robbery committed:
a) by an organized group;

b) on a large scale;

c) by a person who earlier two or more times was convicted of larceny or extortion,

shall be punishable by deprivation of liberty for a term of six to twelve years, with confiscation of property or without such confiscation.

Robbery with violence committed:
a) by a group of persons in a preliminary conspiracy;

b) repeatedly;

c) with an illegal intrusion in a home, premises, or any other storehouse;

d) with the use of weapons or objects used as a weapons,

shall be punishable by deprivation of liberty for a term of seven to twelve years, with the confiscation of property.

Robbery with violence committed:
a) by an organized group;

b) for the purpose of obtaining property on a large scale;

c) with the infliction of grave injury to the victim;

d) by a person who earlier was convicted of larceny or extortion two or more times,

shall be punishable by deprivation of liberty for a term of eight to fifteen years, with confiscation of property.

Types of punishment for robbery
In cases where, in order to steal someone else's property, a potent, poisonous or intoxicating substance that is dangerous to life or health is introduced into the victim's body against his will or by deception in order to bring the victim into a helpless state, the deed should be classified as robbery. If, for the same purpose, a substance that does not pose a danger to life or health is introduced into the victim's body, the deed should be classified, depending on the consequences, as robbery combined with violence. The properties and nature of the action of the substances used in the commission of these crimes can, if necessary, be established with the help of an appropriate specialist or by expert advice. The actions of a person who committed an attack with the aim of stealing someone else's property using dogs or other animals posing a danger to human life or health, or with the threat of such violence, should be qualified, taking into account the specific circumstances of the case under part two of Article 162 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

When deciding on the qualification of actions of persons who committed theft of other people's property as part of a group of persons by prior agreement or an organized group on the basis of “causing significant damage to a citizen” or on the basis of “large size” or “especially large size”, one should proceed from the total cost kidnapped by all members of the criminal group.

The robbery is considered completed from the moment of the attack for the purpose of theft of someone else's property, committed with the use of violence dangerous to life or health, or with the threat of such violence. In cases where the person who committed the robbery had the goal of taking possession of property on a large or especially large scale, but actually took possession of property for a smaller amount, his actions should be qualified as a completed robbery committed on a large scale or for the purpose of taking possession of property on an especially large scale.

If this crime is recognized as committed by an organized group, the actions of all accomplices, regardless of their role in the act, are subject to qualification as co-execution.

If a person committed robbery by using other persons who are not subject to criminal liability due to age, insanity or other circumstances, his actions (in the absence of other qualifying signs) should be qualified under Part 1 of Article 162 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as the actions of the direct perpetrator of the crime.

A person who organized a crime or persuaded to commit theft, robbery or robbery of a crime participant who is not subject to criminal liability, in accordance with part two of Article 33 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, bears criminal responsibility as the perpetrator of the crime.

The actions of a person who did not directly participate in the theft of someone else's property, but contributed to the commission of this crime with advice, instructions, or who promised in advance to hide the traces of the crime, remove obstacles not related to rendering assistance to the direct perpetrators of the crime, sell the stolen, etc., should be qualified as complicity in the deed in the form of complicity.

Difference of robbery with violence from robbery
The difference here is that in robbery, violence is used that is dangerous to the life and health of the victim, while in robbery - without the use of violence at all or with the use of violence that is not dangerous to life and health. In practice, it is not always possible to distinguish between these corpus delicti; the assessment of the offender's actions depends to a large extent on the position of the law enforcement agency and local practice.

If a person only demonstrated a weapon or threatened with a knowingly unusable or unloaded weapon or an imitation of a weapon, for example, a dummy pistol, a toy dagger, etc., without intending to use these items to inflict bodily harm dangerous to life or health, his actions (in the absence of others aggravating circumstances), taking into account the specific circumstances of the case, should be qualified as robbery, or as robbery, if the victim understood that he was being threatened with unusable or unloaded weapons or imitation weapons.

The use of violence in a robbery, as a result of which the victim is deliberately inflicted light or moderate harm to health, is covered by the composition of robbery and additional qualifications under Articles 115 or 112 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (causing minor or moderate harm to health) does not require.

See also:

 * Robbery
 * Criminal code of Russia
 * Property crime
 * Robbery laws in the United States

References:

 * Criminal code of the Russian federation