User:Bamse/List of National Treasures (sculptures)

In the mid 6th century, the introduction of Buddhism from Baekje to Japan resulted in a revival of Japanese sculpture. Buddhist monks, artisans and scholars settled around the capital in Yamato Province (present day Nara Prefecture) and passed their techniques to native craftsmen. Consequently, early Japanese sculptures from the Asuka and Hakuhō periods show strong influences of continental art, which initially were characterized by almond-shaped eyes, upward-turned crescent-shaped lips and symmetrically arranged folds in the clothing. The workshop of the Japanese sculptor Tori Busshi, who was strongly influenced by the Northern Wei style, produced works which exemplify such characteristics. The Shakyamuni triad and the Guze Kannon at Hōryū-ji are prime examples. By the late 7th century, wood replaced bronze and copper. By early Tang Dynasty greater realism is expressed by fuller forms, long narrow slit eyes, softer facial features, flowing garments and embellishments with ornaments such as bracelets and jewels. Two prominent examples for sculptures of this period are the Shō Kannon at Yakushi-ji and the Yumechigai Kannon at Hōryū-ji.

During the Nara period from 710 to 794, the government established and supported workshops called zōbussho, the most prominent of which was located in the capital Nara at Tōdai-ji, which produced Buddhist statuary. Clay, lacquer and wood, in addition to bronze, were utilized. Stylistically, the sculptures were influenced by the high Tang style, showing fuller body modelling, more natural drapery and a greater sense of movement. Representative examples of Nara period sculpture include the Great Buddha and the Four Heavenly Kings at Tōdai-ji, or the Eight Legions at Kōfuku-ji.

Early Heian period works prior to the mid 10th century appear heavy compared to Nara period statues, carved from single blocks of wood, and characterised by draperies carved with alternating round and sharply cut folds. Stylistically they followed high to later Tang style. In the Heian period the zōbussho were replaced with temple-run and independent workshops; wood became the primary medium; and a specific Japanese style emerged. By the mid 10th century, the style was refined presenting a more calm and gentle appearance, with attenuated proportions. Jōchō was the most important sculptor of this time, and he utilized the yosegi technique in which several pieces of wood are joined to sculpt a single figure. He was the ancestor of three important schools of Japanese Buddhist statuary: the Enpa, Inpa and Keiha school. The Amida Nyorai at Byōdō-in is the only extant work by Jōchō.

Japanese sculpture experienced a renaissance during the Kamakura period, lead by the Kei school. Partially influenced by Song Dynasty China, their sculpture is characterised by realism featuring elaborate top knots, jewelry and wavy drapery. Although predominantly wooden, bronze was also used as a material for the statues. As a novelty, portrait sculptures of prominent monks were created adjacent to the depiction of Buddhist deities.

The term "National Treasure" has been used in Japan to denote cultural properties since 1897. The definition and the criteria have changed since the inception of the term. These sculptures adhere to the current definition, and have been designated national treasures since the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties came into force on  June 9, 1951. The items are selected by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology based on their especially high historical or artistic value. The list presents 126 entries of sculptures, including those from Classical and early Feudal Japan of the seventh century Asuka period to the thirteenth century Kamakura period; although the number of sculptures is higher, because, in some cases, groups of related sculptures have been joined to form single entries. The sculptures listed depict Buddhist and Shintō deities or priests venerated as founders of temples. Some of the most ancient sculptures were imported directly from China.

Statistics
Various materials have been used for the sculptures. Although most are wooden, 11 entries in the list are bronze, 11 are lacquer, 7 are made of clay and one entry, the Usuki Stone Buddhas, is a stone sculpture. Typically hinoki, Japanese nutmeg, sandalwood and camphorwood were the woods used for the wooden sculptures. Wooden sculptures were often lacquered or covered with gold-leaf. The smallest statue measures around 10 cm, whereas the Great Buddhas of Nara and Kamakura are circa 13 and 15 meters high. The objects on the list are located in Buddhist temples, or in museums associated with temples. In addition, some items are located in shrines, as well as in secular museums.

Nara Prefecture is home to the largest number of National Treasure sculptures with 70 entries of the 126. Together, with the 37 entries located in Kyoto Prefecture, they make up the bulk of this list. Hōryū-ji and Kōfuku-ji are locations with most entries, at 17 each.

Usage
The table's columns (except for Remarks and Pictures) are sortable pressing the arrows symbols. The following gives an overview of what is included in the table and how the sorting works.
 * Name: name as registered in the List of National Treasures
 * Remarks: placement of statues (as a group, separately,...) and artist (if known)
 * Date: period and year
 * sorts by year. If only a period is known, sorts by the start year of that period.


 * Material and technique: wood/bronze/..., lacquered/colored/...
 * sorts by main material (stone/clay/wood/lacquer/bronze).


 * Pose: standing/seated Amida Nyorai/Yakushi Nyorai/...
 * sorts by the name of the principal image or as "set" in the case of sets of sculptures that don't fall under a common group name.


 * Height: height in cm
 * sorts by the largest height if an entry is a group of statues.


 * Present location: "building-name temple/museum/shrine-name town-name prefecture-name"
 * sorts as "prefecture-name town-name temple/museum/shrine-name building-name".


 * Pictures: picture of the statue or a characteristic statue in a group of statues

List
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