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Naval surgeons and other personnel
From the early days of the Royal Navy, surgeons had been carried on board ships (albeit intermittently, depending on the length of voyage and likelihood of hostilities). In the Tudor period, surgeons were regulated by the Company of Barber-Surgeons. William Clowes, sometime Warden of the Company, and his colleague John Banister (both of whom had served at sea early in their careers) did much to ensure that naval surgeons were properly qualified and prepared. Clowes emphasized the fact that, although surgeons were prohibited from acting as physicians on land, at sea they would routinely be required to prescribe medicines, administer treatment and offer medical advice; appropriate instruction was provided and Clowes advised ships' captains only to engage as surgeons those whom the Company had approved.

British colonization of the Americas led to longer sea voyages, battles and skirmishes far from home and encounters with new diseases, all of which contributed to a greater regularisation of the naval medical service. In 1629 the Company of Barber-Surgeons was empowered to examine every individual intending to act as a surgeon (on 'any ship whether in the service of the Crown or of a merchant') and likewise to conduct an examination of their surgical instruments and medicine chest prior to their departure. As well as a surgeon, each fighting ship was provided with one or more surgeon's mates (depending on the size and rating of the vessel). Surgeon's mates were recruited from the age of sixteen

Physicians, who (unlike most surgeons) were university graduates, were regarded as belonging to a higher social class. Physicians served on the Sick and Hurt Board, and the principal Royal Naval Hospitals (established in the mid-eighteenth century) were both overseen by physicians, with surgeons working under them. Towards the end of the century, superintending physicians were appointed to naval fleets; but (other than when seconded to fleets) physicians did not usually serve at sea.

Sick Quarters
In 1818 there were nineteen listed (including three in Ireland, two in Scotland, two in Wales and one on the Isle of Man), each overseen by a 'Surgeon & Agent' serving as both medical officer and administrator. In 1833 there were fifty, and by 1859 there were over 200 in the UK (plus a single overseas RN Sick Quarters in Valparaíso). By the 1890s over 350 were listed, from Abercastle and Aberdeen to Yealm and Youghal.

By the time of the First World War there were over four hundred Sick Quarters at home, plus a handful abroad (in Australia and New Zealand).

ThamesEstuary
The natural channels of the Thames Estuary, and the sandbanks between them, are shaped by the movement of the tides. The ebb tide flows north up the East Coast, so as the water flows out of the Thames it is drawn to the north-east through the estuary, and the main channels lie more or less on a south-west to north-east axis. The intervening sandbanks, however, are not solid, and periodically over the centuries a variety of gats, swatchways, spitways and other channels have opened up across the sands, allowing vessels to approach the Thames more directly from the south and east.

Until the advent of modern navigational aids, it generally made sense for vessels in the estuary to stay as close as possible to the shoreline (if a deep enough channel was available), because navigators largely relied on landmarks for calculating their position. For this reason, vessels entering or leaving the Thames would usually keep as close as possible to the Essex or Kent coasts; but during the 19th century, as the draught of vessels increased, so did the use of deeper channels further from the shore.

Until the late 19th century, the main approach to the Thames from the north was via the Swin, a deep channel which ran alongside the mudflats of the Essex coast. At its seaward end (where it was also known as the King's Channel) it was a wide channel bordered by two narrow sandbanks: the Gunfleet to the north-west and the Sunk to the south-east. Further on, the Swin was bordered by the Buxey Sand to the north-west (a continuation of the Gunfleet, from which it was separated by a narrow spitway); but to the south-east the Middle (or Hook Sand) made the channel much more narrow. Other long sandbanks and intervening channels (or 'deeps') lay parallel with the Swin at this point, namely: Middle Deep, the Barrow, Barrow Deep, the Sunk, Black Deep, Long Sand and Knock Deep (which was bordered to the east by the Kentish Knock sandbank). Past the entrance to the River Crouch, the Swin followed the edge of the Maplin Sands (on the Essex foreshore), before emerging into The Warp (an area of deep water to the east of Sea Reach). The middle part of the Swin silted up over the course of the 19th century, and by the 1890s it was no longer navigable by large ships, which led to Barrow Deep and Black Deep being increasingly used in preference.

The approach to The Thames from the south or east was rather less straightforward than from the north. Entering via the South (or Gore) Channel, vessels would negotiate a route tellingly known as 'the Narrows' before crossing the Kentish Flats and approaching the Nore. An alternative approach, passing to the north of Margate Sand, was known as the Queen's Channel. In the mid-19th century vessels began to use a route further to the north (north of the Tongue Sand), which was named the Prince's Channel.

At their south-western end, the aforementioned sandbanks were more or less contiguous with others, the gaps between them varying with the movement of the sand over time; sometimes these gaps were navigable as swatchways. The East Barrow, West Barrow and Mouse sands were variably connected in this way; likewise the Great Sunk, Little Sunk, Middle Sunk, South-West Sunk, Knock John, Knob and Oaze sands (which together formed a series of banks extending 26 nmi out to sea. Parallel to these, Long Sand was variably connected with the Shingles and Girdler sands, which (along with with the Kentish Flats) stretched out over 30 nmi from the North Kent coast.

 

Roper Ordnance Board

London cyclopaedia

1938 Map

1810 Map

Drivers (from p.44)

report artillery education

Organisation of artillery

United Svcs magazine

In 1883 the Garrison is listed as follows:
 * Cambridge Barracks (formerly Admiralty Barracks) 3-storied verandahed building, rooms mostly for 12 men each;
 * Red Barracks (originally Marine Infirmary) occupied by Ordnance Store Corps;
 * Commissariat & Transport Corps Barracks ;
 * Artillery Barracks:
 * Roy. Horse in E. and W. squares,
 * Garrison Artillery and District Staff R.A. in Front Range,
 * Field Artillery: 1 Division in huts, and 1 at Grand Depot and Engineer Barracks;
 * cavalry in W. rear range;
 * married soldiers' quarters: R.A.: Brook Hill Road, Cardwell Cottages; infantry, &c. at Cambridge Cottages.
 * Hospitals : Herbert Hospital at Shooter's Hill, accommodation for 500 patients. Auxiliary Hospital and Garrison Female Hospitals off Woolwich Common, near Front Range R.A. Barracks.
 * Military Churches: St George's for cavalry and RA; Dockyard Church for infantry; Chapel in Herbert Hospital for staff and patients.
 * Royal Artillery Institute
 * The headquarters of the Department of Artillery Studies is at the E . end of Front Range.

On the E. side of common, St. George ' s Church, Auxiliary Hospital , the General ' s , Officers R. A quarters, and the Royal Military Academy To the w. of the common are the Rotunda and Repository Drill Ground, & branch of the School of Gunnery

EB1911

In retrospect, Britain's military administration as a whole in the 1850s has been described as 'chaotic', with different officials and establishments claiming and vying for the Sovereign's authority (not least among them the Secretary at War, the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, the Colonels of the Regiments, and the Master-General of the Ordnance). In the field, there was a parallel confusion of overlapping responsibilities: the Ordnance Field Train's duty was to supply arms and munitions to the Army, but at the same time to provide a wider range of supplies to the Ordnance troops (which caused much resentment). With the army overseas, responsibility for providing food, fuel and forage (which in the UK had devolved of late to the Board of Ordnance) fell instead to the Commissariat (a branch of the Treasury which, in the years of peace since Waterloo, had developed into an administrative division, unpractised in warfare). At home, the Army Medical Department was responsible for sourcing medical supplies, and the Quartermaster-General was responsible for providing camp equipment; but it was not clear who was responsible for transporting them to the front and distributing them to the troops. Each individual regiment was responsible for its own clothing, to made to specifications provided by a Board of General Officers; but it was unclear who was responsible for boots. Overall, there were lengthy delays in dispatching items overseas: the Admiralty did not have ships available for transport, and on arrival there was no established means of distribution (the Army's own transport unit, the Royal Waggon Train, having been abolished as a cost-cutting measure in 1832). Some provisions were even returned to the UK all the way from Crimea, having failed to reach their intended recipients.

The Royal Army Ordnance Corps remained at the Tower of London, even after the Board's departure, preserving the (by then) centuries-old link between the Tower and ordnance storage & supply - a link which was only broken when the Corps' successor (the Royal Logistic Corps) left the Tower for good in 1993.

Evolution from Curia Regis to King's Household
In the medieval period there was little if any distinction made between the public and private capacities of the monarch: "The land, the people, the law-courts, the army were as much the King's own personal possessions as were his various demesne manors or the furniture of his palaces". Thus, under the Norman kings of England, the Curia Regis ('King's Court') was engaged in every aspect of the management of State affairs - financial, administrative, legislative, judicial, diplomatic - as well as in providing for the day-to-day needs of the monarch and his entourage. A key part of the Curia Regis was the Chamber (named after the bedroom, where the king met with his closest confidants), from which, it may be said, all other offices of State originated; for example, HM Treasury was, in its pre-conquest origins, a strong-box kept for safety in the Chamber where it was overseen by one of the chamberlains.

In the twelfth century, the Curia Regis began to disintegrate. Key departments to separate themselves from the Curia Regis were the Exchequer (substantially independent by the end of the twelfth century) and the Chancery (which gained independence more gradually through the thirteenth and early fourteenth century). The Exchequer and Chancery soon became (respectively) the principal accounting and administrative offices of The Crown, overseen by two high officials: the Treasurer and the Chancellor (respectively). Both these officials predated the establishment of their departments: within the Court, the Chancellor had kept the King's official seal since before the Norman conquest; while the office of Treasurer dated from the reign of William I, when the (previously mobile) Treasury found a more permanent home (together with its attendant chamberlain) in Winchester Castle. Their offices also had a judicial character, as seen in the parallel (and inseparable) development of the Court of Exchequer and the Court of Chancery; other courts of law continued to emerge from the Curia Regis in the thirteenth century: first the Common Bench and later the King's Bench.

References to the King's Household, as a distinctive aspect of Court, served initially to differentiate the body of courtiers which continued to serve the immediate needs of the monarch, and to travel with him, as distinct from those more closely identified with what became departments of State with a settled existence 'out of Court'.

The medieval Household
The establishment of these autonomous departments of State from within the Court had a lasting effect on the shape of the medieval Royal Household, because something was needed to fill the gap that they left. After all, the monarch still required a financial and administrative office - and still desired for these to hold sway beyond merely covering his domestic requirements; and in response, those who sought to limit monarchical power took great care to maintain the authority of the Exchequer and Chancery over potential rival offices which developed within the Household. Some parts of the Royal Household had a relatively settled continuity of existence through this period - not least the extensive 'below-stairs' establishment overseen by the Steward.

Brief flourishing of the Wardrobe
The Chamber, however, came under sustained political pressure, particularly during the reign of King John, and was subject to various restrictions on its activity and autonomy. For this reason, the effectiveness of the Chamber as the King's de facto administrative and financial office, waned. In its place, a new department came to the fore: the Wardrobe. Named after an annexe to the Chamber in which clothes, armour and other valuables were stored, the Wardrobe grew under Henry III and Edward I until it rivalled the Exchequer in its spending and bypassed the Chancery in its issuing of writs. Its senior officials became close confidants to the King: the Keeper (later called Treasurer) of the Wardrobe and the Controller; the latter had custody of the King's Privy Seal, which (unlike the Great Seal, which was kept by the Chancellor in the Chancery) always travelled with the monarch, including overseas.

It was at times of war that the Wardrobe came into its own as an effective means not only of communication but also of fundraising for the Sovereign. This was not without risk, however, and on occasion the Wardrobe found itself having to be bailed out by the Exchequer. Under a weaker king, Edward II, the Exchequer reasserted its authority; the Ordinances of 1311 severely curtailed its independence, with the result that the Wardrobe was eventually subsumed back entirely into the Household and placed under the authority of the Lord Steward (its Treasurer and Controller eventually surviving as sinecure positions for members of the government).

The Chamber's authority reasserted
The demise of the Wardrobe led to the re-emergence of the Chamber (and Chamberlain) as an office (and person) of influence at around this time. During the Wardrobe's period of influence, the Chamber had continued to operate at a domestic level, providing the place (and entourage) for the king to sleep, eat his meals and meet with visitors. Scarcely mentioned in the Ordinances (the Barons not wishing to legislate over the monarch's domestic arrangements) it now found itself well-placed to take back authority over financial and administrative matters on behalf of the King. Funding was provided out of certain estates forfeited to the Crown (including those of the Knights Templar).

Nonetheless, the Chamber continued to retain its long-established personnel: Yeomen, Valets, Esquires and Knights of the Chamber; the yeomen and valets undertook more menial tasks (making the beds and stoking the fires), while the Esquires fulfilled particular tasks in direct relation to the King (e.g. as his carver or cup-bearer) and some of them were designated ushers of the Court. Guard duties were performed by the Serjeants at Arms.

Wherever administrative or financial skills were required, clerks were employed - a word which in this period signified clergy; at their head, during this period of growth in the mid-fourteenth century, was the Receiver. The Privy Seal, now removed from the influence of the Wardrobe, was given its own dedicated Lord Keeper, who initially operated within the structure of the Chamber. Before long, however, moves were again made to limit the Household as a direct agency of kingly power. The Keeper of the Privy Seal, together with his office of clerks, was removed from the sphere of the Court and followed the Exchequer and the Chancery to Westminster, where, like them, it took on the guise of a nascent department of State. In place of the Privy Seal, a new seal (later known as the signet) began to be used by the King, administered by a clerk in his Household who later came to be called the King's Secretary (precursor of the present-day Secretaries of State).

Great Officers of State and of the Household
The sovereign's domestics were his officers of state, and the leading dignitaries of the palace were the principal administrators of the kingdom. The royal household itself had, in its turn, grown out of an earlier and more primitive "thegnhood", and among the most eminent and powerful of the king's thegns were his "dishthegn," his "bowerthegn," and his horsethegn or staller. In Normandy at the time of the Conquest a similar arrangement, imitated from the French court, had long been established, and the Norman dukes, like their overlords the kings of France, had their seneschal or steward, their chamberlain and their constable. After the Norman Conquest, the ducal household of Normandy was reproduced in the royal household of England; and since, in obedience to the spirit of feudalism, the great offices of the first had been made hereditary, the great offices of the second were made hereditary also, and were thenceforth held by the grantees and their descendants as holder of tenure in grand serjeanty of the crown.

The consequence was that they passed out of immediate relation to the practical conduct of affairs either in both state and court or in the one or the other of them. The Steward and Lord High Chamberlain of England were superseded in their political functions by the Justiciar and Treasurer of England, and in their domestic functions by the Lord Steward and Lord Chamberlain of the household. The marshal of England took the place of the constable of England in the royal palace, and was associated with him in the command of the royal armies.

The marshalship and the constableship became hereditary, and, although the Lord High Constable and Earl Marshal of England retained their military authority until a comparatively late period, the duties they had performed about the palace had been long before transferred to the master of the horse. In these circumstances the holders of the original great offices of state and the household ceased to attend the court except on occasions of extraordinary ceremony, and their representatives either by inheritance or by special appointment have ever since continued to appear at coronations and some other public solemnities, such as the State Opening of Parliament or trials by the House of Lords.

Historic sources
The earliest record relating to the English royal household is of the reign of Henry II and is contained in the Black Book of the Exchequer. It enumerates the various inmates of the king's palace and the daily allowances made to them at the period at which it was compiled. It affords evidence of the antiquity and relative importance of the court offices to which it refers, though it is silent as to the functions and formal subordination of the persons who filled them. In addition to this record, there are more recent but (for the most part) equally meagre, documents bearing on the constitution of the royal household, and extending, with long intervals, from the reign of Edward III to the reign of William and Mary. Among them, however, are what are known as the Black Book of the Household and the Statutes of Eltham, the first compiled in the reign of Edward IV and the second in the reign of Henry VIII from which a good deal of detailed information is available concerning the arrangements of the court in the 15th and 16th centuries.

The Statutes of Eltham were meant for the practical guidance of those who were responsible for the good order and the sufficient supply of the sovereign's household at the time they were issued. The great officers of state and the household specifically mentioned are not all of them. We have named those only whose representatives are still dignitaries of the court and functionaries of the palace. If the reader consults Hallam (Middle Ages, i. 181 seq.), Freeman (Norman Conquest, i. 91 seq., and v. 426 seq.) and Stubbs (Const. Hist. i. 343, seq.), he will be able himself to fill in the details of the outline we have given above.

But the Black Book of the Household, besides being a sort of treatise on princely magnificence generally, professes to be based on the regulations established for the governance of the court by Edward III, who, it affirms, was "the first setter of certeynties among his domesticall meyne, upon a grounded rule" and whose palace it describes as "the house of very policie and flowre of England"; and it may therefore possibly, and even probably, take us back to a period much more remote than that at which it was actually put together.

Various orders, returns and accounts of the reigns of Elizabeth, James I, Charles I, Charles II, and William and Mary throw considerable light on the organisation of particular sections of the royal household in times nearer to our own. Moreover, there were several parliamentary inquiries into the expenses of the royal household in connection with the settlement or reform of the civil list during the reigns of George III, George IV and William IV. But they add little or nothing to our knowledge of the subject in what was then its historical as distinguished from its contemporary aspects. So much, indeed, is this the case that, on the accession of Queen Victoria, Chamberlayne's Present State of England, which contains a catalogue of the officials at the court of Queen Anne, was described by Lord Melbourne the prime minister as the "only authority" which the advisers of the crown could find for their assistance in determining the appropriate constitution and dimensions of the domestic establishment of a queen regnant.

In its main outlines the existing organisation of the royal household is essentially the same as it was under the Tudors or the Plantagenets. It is divided into three principal departments, at the head of which are the lord steward, the lord chamberlain and the master of the horse, and the respective provinces of which may be generally described as "below stairs," "above stairs" and "out of doors." The duties of these officials, and the various officers under their charge are dealt with in the articles under those headings. When the reigning sovereign is a queen, the royal household is in some other respects rather differently arranged from that of a king and a queen consort.

When there is a king and a queen consort there is a separate establishment "above stairs" and "out of doors" for the queen consort. She has a Lord Chamberlain's department of her own, and all the ladies of the court from the Mistress of the Robes to the Maids of Honour are in her service. At the commencement of the reign of Queen Victoria the two establishments were combined, and on the whole considerably reduced. On the accession of Edward VII the civil list was again reconstituted; and while the household of the king and his consort became larger than during the previous reign, there was a tendency towards increased efficiency by abolishing certain offices which were either redundant or unnecessary.

Oeconomy 1717

Other Wardrobes




Barracks
Royal palaces
 * Irish Barracks, Tower of London, 1669
 * Savoy Palace, 1681
 * Whitehall Palace
 * Hampton Court Palace, 1689
 * Windsor Castle

Coastal forts
 * Plymouth Citadel
 * Tilbury Fort
 * Portsmouth (Pembroke Mount, Landguard and Round Tower)
 * Upnor Castle, Kent, 1719

Barracks within the precincts of medieval castles and later device forts
 * Chester, 1725
 * Dover, 1745

Berwick Barracks, 1717

Cavalry barracks
 * Higher Barracks, Exeter, 1794

Albany Barracks, 1798

Combermere Barracks, 1804

Hulme Barracks, 1804

Artillery Barracks
 * Fenham Barracks, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1804
 * Wyvern Barracks, Exeter, 1800

In response to Chartism:
 * Fulwood Barracks, Preston, 1842
 * Ladysmith Barracks, Ashton-under-Lyne, 1841
 * Wellington Barracks, Bury, 1845
 * Horfield Barracks, 1847

Hillsborough Barracks, 1848

Lower Barracks, Winchester, 1850s?

Victoria Barracks, Windsor Castle, 1853

Warley Barracks

Milton Barracks, 1860

Burniston Barracks, 1861 (Artillery?) Militia depots
 * Carlton Barracks, 1865
 * Cecily Hill Barracks, Cirencester

Localization depots established in the wake of the Cardwell Reforms
 * Bedford, Kempston Barracks
 * Beverley, Victoria Barracks
 * Bodmin, Victoria Barracks
 * Bury St Edmunds, Gibraltar Barracks
 * Cardiff
 * Derby, Normanton Barracks
 * Devizes, Le Marchant Barracks
 * Doncaster
 * Fleetwood
 * Great Yarmouth
 * Guildford, Stoughton Barracks
 * Halifax, Wellesley Barracks
 * High Wycombe
 * Kingston, Kingston Barracks
 * Lancaster, Bowerham Barracks
 * Leicester, Glen Parva Barracks
 * Lichfield, Whittington Barracks
 * Lincoln, Sobraon Barracks
 * Oxford, Bullingdon Barracks, Cowley
 * Pontefract, Pontefract Barracks
 * Reading, Brock Barracks
 * Richmond N Yorks., Richmond Barracks
 * Shrewsbury, Copthorne Barracks
 * Stafford
 * Taunton, Jellalabad Barracks
 * Warrington, Peninsula Barracks
 * Warwick, Budbrooke Barracks
 * Worcester, Norton Barracks


 * Chichester, Roussillon Barracks
 * Norwich Britannia Barracks
 * York, Imphal Barracks (on site of old cavalry barracks)

Seaforth Barracks, Liverpool (Cavalry & Artillery) 1882

Ardwick Green Barracks, Manchester, (TA Drill Hall) 1886

Winchester (rebuilding of barracks housed in former royal palace following fire, 1894)
 * Upper Barracks (later renamed Peninsula Barracks),

Plymouth (new accommodation in the Citadel)
 * Barracks, 1898?

Portsmouth (after demolition of the old Fourhouse and Clarence barracks)
 * Victoria Barracks, 1880 (Infantry)
 * (New) Clarence Barracks, 1890 (Artillery)

Tidworth Camp

Blackdown Camp, 1903

Naval barracks
 * Chatham (HMS Pembroke) 1897
 * Devonport (HMS Drake) 1879, 1889, 1907
 * Portsmouth (HMS Nelson) 1888, 1903

The Esher Report (1904) recommended setting up a civilian-staffed Barrack Construction Unit in place of the Royal Engineer staff of the War Office Design Branch.
 * Redford Barracks, Edinburgh (Cavalry & Infantry) 1909, 1915. Harry Bell Measures

Inglis Barracks, Mill Hill, 1905

Somme Barracks, Sheffield (Territorial), 1907

Connaught Barracks, Dover, 1913

WWI?
 * Beachley Barracks
 * Claro Barracks, Ripon, N. Yorks
 * Weeton Barracks
 * Vauxhall Barracks, Didcot

Interwar years
 * Chetwynd Barracks, Chigwell (RAOC)
 * Howe Barracks, Canterbury, 1930s
 * Invicta Park Barracks, 1936
 * Dale Barracks, 1938
 * Simpson Barracks, Northamptonshire, 1939

Post-war
 * Battlesbury Barracks
 * Denison Barracks
 * Erskine Barracks

Former RAF stations reused as Army barracks
 * Alanbrooke Barracks, 1974 [ RAF Topcliffe ]
 * Albemarle Barracks, 1970 [ RAF Ouston ]
 * Baker Barracks, 1984 [ RAF Thorney Island ]
 * Bassingbourn Barracks, 1970 [ RAF Bassingbourn ]
 * Beacon Barracks, 2006 [ RAF Stafford ]
 * Buckley Barracks, 2003 [ RAF Hullavington ]
 * Clive Barracks, 1976 [ RAF Ternhill ]
 * Carver Barracks, 1975 [ RAF Debden ]
 * Dalton Barracks, 1995 [ RAF Abingdon ]
 * Duke of Gloucester Barracks, 1971 [ RAF South Cerney ]
 * Gamecock Barracks, 1959, [ RAF Bramcote ]
 * Imjin Barracks, 2010, [ RAF Innsworth ]
 * Kendrew Barracks, 2012 [ RAF Cottesmore ]
 * Prince William of Gloucester Barracks, 1976, [ RAF Spitalgate ]
 * Robertson Barracks, Norfolk, 1995, RAF Swanton Morley
 * Sir John Moore Barracks, 1986 [ RAF Flowerdown ]
 * St George's Barracks, 1998 [ RAF North Luffenham ]
 * Worthy Down Barracks, 1960 [ RAF Worthy Down ]