User:Barbara (WVS)/radhys

Radical hysterectomy
"Radical hysterectomy is an operation done to treat some cancers of the cervix. The surgeon takes out the uterus and the ligaments (tissue fibers) that hold it in place. The cervix and an inch or 2 of the vagina around the cervix are also removed. A hysterectomy done to treat uterine or ovarian cancer removes less tissue."

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radical hysterectomy
 * listen (RA-dih-kul HIS-teh-REK-toh-mee)
 * Surgery to remove the uterus, cervix, and part of the vagina. The ovaries, fallopian tubes, and nearby lymph nodes may also be removed."

After taking out the cervix, the surgeon stitches the vagina at its top. Some fluid drains from the vagina during healing. The top of the vagina soon seals with scar tissue and becomes a closed tube. The vagina does not, as some women fear, become an open tunnel into the pelvis".

Radical cystectomy
A radical cystectomy is one treatment for cancer that involves the removal of the bladder, pelvic lymph nodes and other sites of metastisies. For men, this may include the prostate and other reproductive structures. In women, this may include the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina. During surgery, some sections of the intestines to create an ileal conduit to divert urine through a urostomy.

Vaginal changes
Half of the vagina is usually removed during a radical cystectomy and be constructed by the use of at least two procedures. A 'neovagina' can be surgically constructed with a skin graft. During a radical cystectomy, the anterior vaginal wall is removed while leaving the back wall available to construct the vaginal lumen (space).

Even after the vagina is shortened, women are able to engage in sexual activity especially if 'nerve sparing' surgery was performed. Full function may not return for some months and in some cases, the vagina will lengthen.

Incontinence
An urostomy is created when women have a radical cystectomy to drain urine. The urine is collected in in a pouch attached to the skin. A urostomy may not result in incontinence for some women that remove urine with a catheter.

History and incidence
Cystectomy has been documented as early as the late 1800s. In 1949, surgical principles of radical cystoprostatectomy in men were established. In 1987, the procedure improved due to the mapping of nerves and plexuses to preserve function of the reproductive organs.

Since that time, improvements in treatment have developed due to the use of antibiotics, surgical technique, intensive care practices and the frequency of the surgery. In some facilities, radical cystectomy is performed often enough that postoperative procedures have reduced the hospital stay to seven days. The survival rate improves if organs and tissue are removed from both sides (bilaterally) and chemotherapy is used. The American Cancer Society found that approximately 70,000 people in the United States were diagnosed with bladder cancer. Out of those, 25% of them require the removal of the bladder and other organs and tissue. Three times as many men develop bladder cancer than women. It is most common in those aged fifty to seventy-years-old.

imaging
"CT scanning of the abdomen and pelvis is performed. Both overstaging (20%) and understaging (50%) are common if only one study is performed."