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Adeline Virginia Woolf (née Stephen; 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941) was an English

She was born in an affluent household in English classics and Victorian literature, Woolf began writing professionally in 1900.

Family of origin
Virginia Woolf was born Adeline Virginia Stephen on 25 January 1882 n to Julia (née Jackson) (1846–1895) and Leslie Stephen (1832–1904), writer, historian, essayist, biographer and mountaineer. Julia Jackson was born in 1846 in Calcutta, Bengal, British India to Dr John and Maria (Mia) Pattle Jackson, from two Anglo-Indian families. re a well educated, literary and artistic proconsular middle-class family. a long pointed nose". who bore him a daughter, Laura (1870–1945), but died in childbirth

ed and added d it would go no further.

. However, despi"precautions", "contraception was a very imperfect art in the nineteenth century" resulting in the birth of three more children over the next four years.

1882–1895


Virginia was born into a literate and well-connected household ionalised in 1891.

ns and Hyde Park, where the family regularly took their walks (see Map; Street plan). Built in 1846 by Henry Payne of Hammersmith as one of a row of single falass, i the first bathroom. two further floors. Finally in the attic, under the eaves, wase.

Talland House (1882–1894)
Talland House as a fer to our summers, all of which were passed in Cornwall, especially to the thirteen summers (1882-1894) at St. Ives. There we Virginia herself described the house in great detail:

Education
In the late nineteenth century, education was sharply divided along gender lines, a tradition that Virginia would note and condemn in her writing.. ed as "greedy". After Public School, the boys in the family all attended Cambridge University. The girls derived some indirect benefit from this, as the boys introduced them to their friends. oke and drink and discuss the universe and the reform movement".

d 1901. She studied's. Another was Janet Case, who involved her in the women's rights movement, and whose obituary Virginia would late essay On Not Knowing Greek. l of the Ladies' Department, Lilian Faithfull (one of the so-called Steamboat ladies), in addition to Pater. H

Relationships with family
While her father painted Julia Stephen's work in in terms of reverence, Woolf drew a sharp distinction between her mother's work and "the mischievous philanthropy which other women practise so complacently and often with such disastrous results". at you". Julia Stephen dealt with her husband's depressions and his need f

Sexual abuse
Kenneth Stephen (1859–1892), at least of Stella Duckworth. Laura is also thought to have been abused. The most graphic account is by Louise DeSalvo, but other autus. Lee states that "The evidence is strong enough, and yet ambiguous enough, to open the way forquite different shapes of Virginia Woolf's interior life"

Gordon Square (1904–1907)
On their fathe there that Virginia first came to realise her destiny was as a writer, as she recalls in her diary of 3 September 1922. They then further pursued their new found freedom by spending April in Italy and France, where they met up with Clive Bell again. Virginia then suffered her second nervous breakdown, and first suicidal attempt on 10 May, and convalesced over the next three months.

rent in (see Map). They had not inherited much and they were un It was then that Lady Margaret Herbertappeared on the scene, George proposed, was accepted and married in September, leavin

ce, and immediately after Vanessa accepted Clive's third proposal. Vanessa and Clive were married in February 1907 and as a couple, their interest in avant garde art would have an important influence on Woolf's further development as an author. With Vanessa's marriage, Virginia and Adrian needed to find a new home.

Fitzroy Square (1907–1911) and Brunswick Square (1911–1912)
Virginia moved into 29 Fitzroy Square in April 1907, a house on the west side of the street, formerly occupied by George ociety in December. Meanwhile, Virginia begFebruary 1908, and in September Virginia accompanied the Bells to Italy and France. It was during this time that Virginia'breaking down. On 17 February 2009, Lytton Strachey proposed to Virginia and she accepted, but he then withdrew the offer.

Several members of the group attained notoriety in 1910 with the Dreadnought hoax, which Virginia participated in disguised as

In 1911 Virginia and Adrian decided to give up their home on Fitzroy Square in favour of a different living arrangement, moving to 38 Brunswick Square in Bloomsbnt since she was an unchaperoned single woman. Duncan Grant decorated Adrian Stephen's rooms (see image).

Marriage (1912–1941)
In May 1912 Virginia agreed to marry Woolf, and the marriage took place on 10 August. The Woolfs continued to live at Brunswick Square till October 1912, when they moved to a small flat at 13 Clifford's Inn, further to the east (subsequently demolished). Despite his low material status (Woolf referring to Leonard during their engagement as a "penniless Jew") the couple shared a close bond. Indeeed: a wife. And our marriage so complete." However, Virginia made a suicide attempt in 1913.

obiographical anthology Moments of Being. These were 22 Hyde Park Gate (1921), Old Bloomsbury (1922) and Am I a Snob? (1936). The Woolf's final residence in London was at 37 Mecklenburgh Square (1939–1940), destroyed during the Blitz in September 1940, a month later their previous home on Tavistock Square was also destroyed. After that they made Sussex their permanent home. For descriptions and illustrations of all Virginia Woolf's London homes, see.

Hogarth Press (1917–1938)
Virginia had taken up book-binding as a pastime in October 1901, at the age of 19, and the Woolfs had been discussing

Their first publication was Two Stories in July 1917, inscribed Publication No. 1, and consisted of two short stories, "The Mark on the Wall"

Vita Sackville-West (1922–1941)
The ethos of the Bloomsbury group encouraged a liberal approach to sexuality, and in December 1922 she met the writer and gardener Vita Sackville-West, wife of Harold Nicolson. he became considered the better writer. d. However, er intimate circle, such as Sibyl Colefax and Comtesse de Polignac.

l labour. Sackville-West was the first to argue to Woolf she had been misdiagnosed, and that it was far better to engage in reading and writing to calm her nerves—advice that was taken. for her income.

In 1928, Woolf presented Sackville-West with Orlando,

Sussex (1911–1941)
opposite the village hall. The lease was a short one and in October she and Leonard Woolf found Asham House at Asheham a few miles to the west, while walking along the Ouse from Firle.

While at "Asham"’ Leonard and Virginia found a farmhouse in 1916, that was to let, about four miles away, which they thought would be ideal for her sister. Eventually Vanessa came down to inspect it, and moved in in October of that year, taking it as a summer home for her family. The Charleston Farmhouse was to become the summer gathering place for the literary and artistic circle of the Bloomsbury Group.

In 1919, the Woolf's were forced tod windmill. That same year they discovered Monk's House in nearby Rodmell, which both she and Leonard favoured because of its orchard and garden, and sold the Round House, to purchase it for £700. Monk's House also lacked Chaucer. From 1ssa had also made Charleston her permanent home in 1936.

Mental health
Much examination has been made of Woolf's mental health (e.g. see Mental health bibliography). From the age of 13, Woolf suffered periodic mood swings from severe depression to manic excitement, including psychotic episodes, which the family referred to as her "madness". bipolar disorder (manic-depressive illness). She spent three short periods in 1910, 1912 and 1913 at Burley House, 15 Cambridge Park, Twickenham, described as "a private nursing home for women with nervous disorder".

Death
Woolf fell into a depression similar to that which she had earlier experienced. Her body was not found until 18 April. Her husband buried her cremated remains beneath an elm tree in the garden of Monk's House, their home in Rodmell, Sussex.

In her suicide note, addressed to her husband, she wrote: "Dearest, I feel certain that I am going mad again. I feel we can't go through another of those terrible times. And I shan't recover this time. I begin to hear voices, and I can't concentrate. So I am doing what seems the best thing to do. You have given me the greatest possible happiness. You have been in every way all that anyone could be. I don't think two people could have been happier till this terrible disease came. I can't fight it any longer. I know that I am spoiling your life, that without me you could work. And you will I know. You see I can't even write this properly. I can't read. What I want to say is I owe all the happiness of my life to you. You have been entirely patient with me and incredibly good. I want to say that—everybody knows it. If anybody could have saved me it would have been you. Everything has gone from me but the certainty of your goodness. I can't go on spoiling your life any longer. I don't think two people could have been happier than we have been. V."

The growth of feminist criticism in the 1970s helped re-establish her reputation.

commentary on her mother's legendary matchmaking. r, although anonymously, being a review of a visit to Haworth that year, titled Haworth, November 1904.

List of selected publications
see

Novels

 * see also The Voyage Out & Complete text
 * see also Jacob's Room & Complete text

Short stories

 * see also A Haunted House and Other Short Stories & Complete text
 * see also The Mark on the Wall & Complete text

Cross-genre

 * see also Flush: A Biography & Complete text

Non-fiction

 * see also A Room of One's Own & Complete text

Photograph albums

 * List of Album Guides
 * List of Album Guides
 * 1) Album 1 (1863–1938)
 * 2) Album 2 (1909–1922)
 * 3) Album 3 (1890–1933)
 * 4) Album 4 (1890–1947)
 * 5) Album 5 (1892–1938)
 * 6) Album 6 (1850–1900)

Collections

 * Selected complete texts:
 * Excerpted selections:
 * Excerpted selections:

Views
Though happily married to a Jewish man, Woolf often wrote of Jewish characters in stereotypical archetypes and generalisations, including describing some of her

In another letter to Smyth, Woolf gives a scathing denunciation of Christianity, seeing it as self-righteous "egotism" and stating "my Jew has more religion in one toenail—more human love, in one hair." Woolf claimed in her private letters that she thought of herself as an atheist.

Modern scholarship and interpretations
graphy Virginia Woolf. The sociologist Pierre Bourdieu also uses Woolf's literature to understand and analyse gender domination.

Historical feminism
"Recently, studies of Virginia Woolf have focused on feminist and lesbian themes in her work, such as in the 1997 collection of critical essays, Virginia Woolf: Lesbian Readings, edited by Eileen Barrett and Patricia Cramer."

In popular culture

 * Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? is a 1962 play by Edward Albee. It examines the structure of the marriage of an American middle-aged academic couple, Martha and George. Mike Nichols directed a film version in 1966, starring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton. Taylor won the 1966 Academy Award for Best Actress for the role.

Legacy
Virginia Woolf is known for her contributions to twentieth century literature and her essays, as well as the influence she has had on literary, particularly feminist criticism. A number of authors have stated that their work was influenced by Virginia Woolf, including Margaret Atwood, Michael Cunningham, Gabriel García Márquez, and Toni Morrison. Her iconic image is

Family trees
see, , ,



Books and theses

 * see also The Second Sex
 * see also Survey of London
 * see also Survey of London
 * see also Survey of London
 * see also Survey of London
 * see also Survey of London
 * see also Survey of London
 * see also Survey of London
 * see also Survey of London
 * see also Survey of London
 * see also Survey of London
 * see also Survey of London
 * see also Survey of London
 * see also Survey of London
 * see also Survey of London

Biography: Virginia Woolf

 * Vol. I: Virginia Stephen 1882 to 1912.'' London: Hogarth Press. 1972.
 * Vol. II: Virginia Woolf 1912 to 1941.''  London: Hogarth Press. 1972.
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Mental health

 * additional excerpts
 * (summary)
 * see also Touched with Fire
 * (summary)
 * see also Touched with Fire
 * see also Touched with Fire

Biography: Other

 * also Internet archive
 * also available through MOMA here
 * also Internet archive
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Bloomsbury

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Chapters and contributions

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Articles

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Websites and documents

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Literary commentary



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Virginia Woolf's homes

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Timelines

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Genealogy

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Images

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Maps

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Audiovisual media

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 * see also Life in Squares
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Selected online texts

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