User:Barbara (WVS)/sandbox/Infertility and treatments translation

Female infertility is the inability of a women to conceive a child. It affects an estimated 48 million women with the highest prevalence of infertility affecting people in South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa/Middle East, and Central/Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Infertility is caused by many sources, including nutrition, diseases, and other malformations of the uterus. Infertility affects women from around the world, and the cultural and social stigma surrounding it varies.

Definition
The definition of infertility is inconsistent based upon the customs of different countries and cultures. One definition is: "A woman of reproductive age who has not conceived after 1 year of unprotected vaginal sexual intercourse, in the absence of any known cause of infertility, should be offered further clinical assessment and investigation along with her partner." Some physicians specialize in treating infertility. WHO defines infertility as the inability to become pregnant, maintain a pregnancy, or carry a pregnancy to live birth.

Prevalence
Infertility varies in the world. From 1990 to 2010 there infertility rates remained the same.e lowest rates of female infertility included the South American countries of Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia, as well as in Poland, Kenya, and Republic of Korea. The highest rate regions included Eastern Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, Oceania, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Rates decreased (although not prevalence) of female infertility in high-income, Central/Eastern Europe, and Central Asia regions. Infertily is higher in Jamaica, Suriname, Haiti, and Trinidad and Tobago than the rest of the world.

Cause
A woman's ovaries may be diseased. This may result in infertility. A woman's fertility peaks in the early and mid 20s After this it starts to decline and progresses faster after age 35.

Tobacco smoking can cause a miscarriage and reduces blood flow to the female reproductive organs. Stopping smoking can prevent further damage. Smokers are 60% more likely to be infertile than non-smokers. Smoking reduces the chances of Invitro Feritilization producing a live birth. Smokers have an earlier onset of menopause by approximately 1–4 years. Sexually transmitted infections are a leading cause of infertility. They often display few, if any visible symptoms, with the risk of failing to seek proper treatment in time to prevent decreased fertility.

Overweight and obese women have reduced fertility. They do not have as much successful treatment and their pregnancies are associated with more complications and higher costs. Medications and radiation that treats cancer can cause infertility. Internal scars or adhesions can form after surgery that effect fertility. Diabetes also can increase the risk of infertility. Intestinal diseases are related to infertility. Some women are infertile because they have inherited conditions that prevents conception. An example of these are Turner syndrome and other gene defects. Infertilty is also caused by Endometriosis, Pelvic inflammatory disease, scarred reproductive organs. malformed reproductive organs, or fibroids

Infertility can be from scaring of the fallopian tubes. The scars that form from tubal factor infertility are usually caused by a Chlamydia infection. Women have difficulty getting pregnant or carrying a baby to term due to the buildup of scar tissue in the fallopian tubes.

Prevention
Some things can be done to help conceive a child. If becoming a parent is delayed fertility may be decreased. If a Chlamidia infection is suspected this infection can be treated to prevent infertility.

Treatment
There are medications that can help increase the chances of becoming pregnant.

Society and culture
Infertiltiy can be a problem in some cultures and countries. The blame is often put on the woman even if the cause is from the man. If a women can produce one child this often removes the stigma. Marriages can be considered a failure if a couple cannot conceive. The act of conceiving a child can be linked to the couple’s consummation of marriage, and reflect their social role in society. In some parts of Africa, infertility is common. In this region, infertility is highly stigmatized. This is also seen in some Muslim societies including Egypt and Pakistan.

Wealth is sometimes measured by the number of children a woman has, as well as inheritance of property. In some African countries women may be denied inheritance if she does not bear any children In some African and Asian countries a husband can deprive his infertile wife of food, shelter, and clothing. In Cameroon, a woman may lose access to land from her husband and left on her own in old age.

An infertile woman can be excluded from events and ceremonies. This happens in Mozambique and Nigeria. In these nations infertile women have been treated as outcasts to society. This kind of treatment is a humiliating practice. Treatments for infertility can be expensive. Many women can not get treatment.

Men in some countries may find another wife when their first cannot produce a child. The man hopes that by have sex with more women he will get his own children. This happens among groups that practice polgamy. In other cultures a husband may have sex with a woman who is not his wife. This other woman may produce a child that the infertile couple will raise

Women may have sex with other men to become pregnant and have a child. Sometimes this advice comes from a 'healer'. A man may not know that his wife has had sex with another man. If this action is discovered by her husband she may suffer. Infertilty can be a reason for divorce in some cultures.

Violence against the woman can be caused by a partner who is angry over the infertility. The abuser can blame the woman even if the man is infertile and the woman is not. This abuse can include woman being In addition, blame for not being able to conceive is often put on the female, even if it is the man who is infertile. Women who are not able to conceive can be starved, beaten, and denied money. In some places the physcal abuse has lead to assault, murder, and suicide. Mental disease can result from the stigma, stress and unhappiness of infertility. Infertilty may have sadness, frustration, anger, grief, guilt, depression and even suicide.