User:Barbara (WVS)/sandbox/ squamous hyperplasia

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Squamous hyperplasia of the oral mucosa is usually seen on the palate ( Figure 1, Figure 2 , and Figure 3 ) or gingiva ( Figure 4 ). Squamous hyperplasia is characterized by increased numbers of squamous cells resulting in increased thickness of the squamous epithelium, which may be diffuse or plaque-like or form blunt papillary projections. Hyperkeratosis is frequently seen with squamous cell hyperplasia. Ulceration of the these lesions may be seen and is usually attributed to mechanical abrasion. Proliferative lesions of the squamous epithelium are thought to be on a continuum, progressing from focal hyperplasia to papilloma to invasive squamous cell carcinoma, although the papilloma stage may be skipped, with progress directly from focal hyperplasia to squamous cell carcinoma. Papillomas are superficial tumors with marked acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and papillary patterns. Papillomas are usually exophytic, although the inverted papilloma grows in a cuplike shape into the underlying stroma. Exophytic papillomas have a vascularized inner core of connective tissue extending from the submucosa (forming a stalklike structure) that is covered by proliferating squamous epithelial cells, which are often keratinized. The sessile shape, well-differentiated appearance of cells, and absence of a prominent stromal component are important in distinguishing hyperplasia from papilloma. Squamous cell carcinomas can be differentiated from hyperplasia in that the neoplastic cells of a squamous cell carcinoma generally have atypical cells with karyomegaly, loss of nuclear polarity, enlarged prominent nucleoli, and increased mitotic figures. Neoplastic squamous cells invade beyond the basement membrane, with islands, cords, and trabeculae of neoplastic epithelial cells extending into the underlying stroma.Squamous hyperplasia should be diagnosed and graded based on the size, thickness, and number of hyperplastic areas. The location of the lesion (e.g., gingival, palatal) should be noted in the pathology narrative. Associated lesions, such as inflammation, should not be diagnosed separately unless warranted by severity. Hyperkeratosis or ulceration associated with hyperplasia should not be diagnosed separately but should be a part of the lesion description in the pathology narrative. (public domain)

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 * CANCER TERMS

Cancer, Neoplasia, Tumor, Neoplasm

The word cancer comes from the Latin (originally Greek) derived term for crab, because of the way a cancer adheres to any part that it seizes upon in an obstinate manner like the crab. Hippocrates first described cancer as having a central body with the tendency to reach out and spread like "the arms of a crab." Besides the popular, generic term "cancer" used by most people, there is another more technical term: neoplasia. Neoplasia (neo = new, plasia = tissue or cells) or neoplasm literally means new tissue in Greek. This indicates that cancers are actually new growths of cells in the body.

Another term for cancer is "malignant tumor." Tumor literally means "swelling" or "mass." In this case, it refers to a mass of non-structured new cells, which have no known purpose in the physiological function of the body.

There are two general types of tumors: benign (non-cancerous) tumors and malignant (cancerous) tumors. A benign tumor is composed of cells that will not invade other unrelated tissues or organs of the body, although it may continue to grow in size abnormally. A malignant tumor is composed of cells that invade the basement membrane and invade or spread to other parts of the body. This occurs either by direct extension to neighboring organs and/or tissues or by metastasizing to distant sites by means of the vascular system (the blood stream), the lymphatic system, or by seeding or implantation of cancer cells in body cavities.

Terms such as "mass" and "lump" are used to describe any overgrowth of tissue. However, these terms may not necessarily mean that such growths contain cancer cells.

Types of Abnormal Cell Growth

In addition to neoplasia, there are several other terms referring to abnormal cell growth. These include the following:

Hyperplasia refers to an abnormal increase in the number of cells, which are in a normal component of that tissue and are arranged in a normal fashion with subsequent enlargement of the affected part. One example is thyroid hyperplasia, an enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by an abnormal rapid growth of the epithelial cells lining the follicles. Another example is: Guitar strumming leads to hyperplasia of the cells on the thumb (a callus is formed). The callus on the thumb is a hyperplastic growth.

Hypertrophy refers to an abnormal increase in the size of each cell, for example, the increase in cell size of cardiac muscle.

Metaplasia refers to the replacement of one mature cell type with another mature cell type: for example, squamous metaplasia of the respiratory columnar epithelium — as evidenced by the metaplastic cough of a smoker.

Dysplasia refers to the replacement of one mature cell type with a less mature cell type: for example, dysplasia of the cervix epithelium.

Hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia are reversible because they are results of a stimulus. Neoplasia is irreversible because it is autonomous.

Tumor Terminology Generalizations

Names of benign tumors usually end with "oma" regardless of their cell type. For example, a benign glandular tumor (epithelium tissue) is called adenoma and a benign bone tumor is called osteoma, while a malignant glandular tumor is called adenocarcinoma and a malignant bone tumor is called osteosarcoma.

In addition to benign tumors, there are in situ tumors and invasive tumors. In situ tumors do not invade the basement membrane, whereas invasive tumors do invade the basement membrane. (public domain ref)