User:Barbara (WVS)/sandbox/teeth


 * Cats don't get cavities because they consume a low sugar, low carbohydrate diet. 30 adult teeth and 26 baby teeth. Sometimes the canines can be seen when the mouth is closed. "emergence of teeth is method for estimating a kitten’s age. The first teeth to erupt are the tiny front teeth or incisors and the long, pointy canines The primary (or “baby”) incisors and canines become visible around three to four weeks of age. The teeth immediately behind the canines, the premolars, quickly follow the front teeth. This typically occurs when the kittens are around five to six weeks old. The permanent teeth erupt around 11 to 16 weeks of age, beginning with the incisors followed by the canines at 12 to 20 weeks. The premolars are in place by 16 to 20 weeks of age. The difficult-to-see, way-in-the-back molars emerge around 20 to 24 weeks." http://www.pethealthnetwork.com/cat-health/cat-checkups-preventive-care/dr-ernies-top-10-cat-dental-questions-and-his-answers


 * http://www.catster.com/lifestyle/cat-facts-5-things-about-your-cats-teeth "A kitten’s age can be determined by her teeth

Like humans, cats have two different sets of teeth. A set of 26 "baby teeth," or deciduous teeth in veterinary terminology, start coming in between the ages of two and four weeks. Between the ages of three and four months, the adult teeth come in. When all is said and done, adult cats have 30 teeth. Unlike the molars of humans and herbivorous animals like cows and horses, cats’ molars don’t have flat surfaces designed for grinding grains and other vegetable matter. They use their sharp, serrated molars to shear muscle and connective tissue off the bones and cut them up into chunks they can swallow whole. Cats can only move their jaws up and down, whereas we humans can move our jaws from side to side — another reason why cats can’t chew up a nice salad. Cats use their front teeth mainly for grooming Cats’ incisors — or as I like to call them, tiny little nibble-teeth — are perfect grooming accessories. With their incisors, cats can catch fleas crawling around in their fur and swallow them whole, for example. The incisors can also be helpful for working mats out of the fur and removing stray plant material after a walk in the field."http://www.catster.com/lifestyle/cat-facts-5-things-about-your-cats-teeth "

==break== "Cats are obligate carnivores, although pet cats consume a lot of plant material if they are fed dry cat food. None of the teeth of cats, including their molars, have grinding surfaces; they clearly evolved to eat "meat". Dogs also are carnivores, but do have grinding surfaces on their molar teeth.
 * "To be fair, many “bad” teeth don’t really look all that horrible when they’re sitting placidly in the mouth. Even when they’re surrounded by red gums and smocked in heavy tartar, it’s hard to predict what’s happening underneath the gum tissue. In many cases, it’s only when the animal is anesthetized and each tooth is individually examined and X-rayed that you can find the fractured or abscessed tooth. The bone destruction in the jaw. And even the fistula, or hole, between the mouth and the nasal cavity." "http://www.catster.com/lifestyle/cat-facts-5-things-about-your-cats-teeth "

Dental Formulae Deciduous	3 1 3 3 1 2	= 13	Permanent	3 1 3 1 3 1 2 1	= 15 Tooth Eruption

Deciduous	Permanent Incisors	3 - 4 weeks	3.5 - 5.5 months Canine	3 - 4 weeks	5.5 - 6.5 months Premolars	6 weeks	4 5 months Molars 5 - 6 months" "http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/pregastric/catpage.html"

Prehension – Grasping and holding food Mastication – Chewing food (this is a cutting rather than grinding action in cats, their sharp teeth cutting through meat and bone) Weapons – Teeth are used both for killing prey, and also for self defence! Each tooth sits in a socket in the bone (called an alveolar socket) held firmly in place by ligaments, cementum (bony like substance) soft tissue and bone.
 * " lthough domestic cats can potentially live without teeth, if fed the right diet, teeth are important (especially in wild cats) for a number of reasons including:

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The tooth itself can divided into the crown visible above the gum line) and the root. The point at which the crown and the root meet is termed the neck of the tooth.

The tooth is made up of three substances:

Pulp – this lies within the centre of the tooth (called the pulp cavity). Pulp enters this cavity at the tip of the root and contains cells nerves and blood vessels. Because of this, damage or inflammation of the pulp is extremely painful. Dentine – this covers the pulp and is the main bulk of the root as well as providing a middle layer between the pulp and the enamel on the crown of the tooth. Dentine is hard and mineralised but is very sensitive making root exposure or enamel damage very painful. Enamel this is a very hard, mineralised substance, which contains no nerves and is insensitive. Enamel covers the crown of the tooth protecting the tooth and the underlying dentine, and therefore prevents sensitivity when the animal is eating. However, cat dental enamel is thin, measuring only around 0.2mm thick compared with around 0.5mm in dogs. Damage to the enamel exposes the underlying dentine and will result in a very sensitive tooth, which is also susceptible to infection. Types of teeth A cat has thirty teeth in total, and each tooth plays an important role. The different types of teeth are:

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Incisors (I)

These are the very small teeth at the front of the mouth. Incisors have minimal use but are used to help hold prey in the mouth. They only have one root and when diseased are often quite unstable, making extraction easy. A cat should have twelve incisor teeth in total (six at the top and six at the bottom) but quite often some of these teeth will be lost as a cat gets older, or sometimes one or more incisors may not even develop in the first place.

Canines (C)

The cat is a true carnivore, hunting and killing prey (mainly rodents and birds) in the wild. The canines are the teeth responsible for killing and shredding prey. They are long teeth and only have a single (long) root, supported by strong ligaments and deeply embedded in the bone. Cats should have four canines (one on each side at both the top and the bottom).

Pre-molars (PM)

Cats should have six pre-molars in the upper jaw (UPM - three on each side), and four in the lower jaw (LPM - two on each side). The two lower pre-molars are labelled as PM2 and PM3. The pre-molars are used for chewing prey (cutting through the meat and bone) and have various roots:

UPM1 … one root UPM2, LPM2, LPM3 … two roots UPM 3 … three roots The presence of more than one root makes it more difficult to remove these teeth when they are diseased. It is important to know how many roots there are, and where they are, so that they can all be removed properly. If roots are left behind when teeth are extracted this can lead to problems. Molars (M) Cats should have two upper molars (UM - one on each side) and two lower molars (LM - one each side). Molars are also used for chewing food (cutting through meat and bone) but upper and lower molars have different root systems: UM1 … one root LM1 … two roots When diseased, upper molars are usually easier to remove as they have a single quite short root. Lower molars are more difficult to remove as these have one thick root and one small root with bone and ligament attachment. "https://icatcare.org/advice/cat-health/feline-dentition-%E2%80%93-cats-teeth

Brachycephalic: persian Mesaticephalic: medium length and width muzzle. For example, Golden Retrievers, terriers, most cats, and ferrets. Greyhounds have a dolichocephalic head shapeDolichocephalic: long, narrow muzzle. For example, the Doberman Pinschers, Greyhounds, or Oriental cats. dogs, cats, and ferrets are "diphyodont" meaning they have two sets of teeth, one set (called "deciduous") being shed and replaced by a permanent set. Although the exact number can vary, puppies have 28 deciduous (temporary or "baby") teeth, and adult dogs have 42 permanent teeth. Feline kittens have 26 deciduous teeth, and adult cats have 30 permanent teeth. Ferret kits have 30 deciduous teeth, with adults having 34. ==break== Tooth eruption In kittens and puppies, the deciduous teeth begin to erupt at about 3-4 weeks of age and the permanent teeth begin to emerge at about 3-4 months of age. By 24 weeks of age, usually all of the permanent teeth have emerged. A deciduous tooth should be lost before its permanent replacement appears. When a carnivore has both a permanent and deciduous tooth at the same site, it is referred to as a "retained deciduous tooth." These need to be removed surgically to prevent abnormal alignment of the permanent tooth."
 * "The upper jaw is called the "maxilla" and the lower jaw is called the "mandible." The shape of an animal's skull affects the positioning of the teeth. In dogs and cats, there are three major types of head shapes:

Tooth anatomy Each tooth has a crown (located above the gums) and a root (located below the gums). Some teeth, such as incisors, have one root, while others, such as the largest cutting premolar, called the "carnassial tooth," has as many as three roots. A tooth is composed of the following structures:

Pulp: The pulp is at the center, or core of the tooth, and consists of connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels that nourish the tooth. Most of the nerves and blood vessels to the tooth enter through the apex (bottom) of the root. Special cells in the pulp, called "odontoblasts" form dentin.

Dentin: The majority of the tooth is made up of dentin, which surrounds the pulp. Dentin is as hard as bone but softer than enamel. Dentin is a tissue that can detect touch, heat, and cold. Primary dentin is dentin that is formed before tooth eruption; secondary dentin is dentin that is continually formed throughout the life of the tooth. As the secondary dentin forms, the pulp chamber reduces in size. The dentin of the crown is encased in enamel and the dentin of the root is covered by cementum (see explanation below).

Tooth Anatomy

Enamel: Enamel is the hardest tissue in the mammalian body and is formed before tooth eruption. Just before the tooth erupts through the gums, the formation of enamel stops and is lost gradually over the life of the tooth. Although enamel is very hard, it is brittle, too, often subject to chipping. The tissues that surround the teeth are called the "peridontium" and consist of the alveolar bone, periodontal ligaments, cementum, and gingiva.

Alveolar bone: The alveolar bone forms the jaw and the sockets into which the roots of the teeth extend.

Periodontal ligaments: This tough tissue helps to hold the tooth in the socket. It attaches to the cementum of the tooth and the alveolar bone.

Cementum: Cementum is hard, calcified tissue that covers the dentin of the root and is slowly formed throughout the life of the tooth. It assists in supporting the tooth in the jaw and in root repair.

Gingiva: The gingiva, also called the "gums," is the soft tissue that covers the rest of the peridontium.

Lateral canal: The lateral canal is a very small channel that connects the root pulp to the periodontal tissue through which small blood vessels run.

Summary"http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=11+2077&aid=325


 * "Within the jaw, cats have teeth adapted for killing prey and tearing meat. When it overpowers its prey, a cat delivers a lethal neck bite with its two long canine teeth, inserting them between two of the prey's vertebrae and severing its spinal cord, causing irreversible paralysis and death."no ref

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 * most excellent https://www.avdc.org/Nomenclature.pdf
 * google book https://books.google.com/books?id=WWpyvWwQLNYC&pg=PA176&lpg=PA176&dq=cat+teeth+anatomy&source=bl&ots=rZ5XEkcSsi&sig=sb7uWph2X15bNl3YfYMb81iw-V8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj62vm0wMfUAhVKHT4KHb-XC3k4FBDoAQhEMAU#v=onepage&q=cat%20teeth%20anatomy&f=false 978-0766861855


 * "Dental disease is extremely common in older cats and can hinder eating and cause significant pain. " http://www.vet.cornell.edu/fhc/Health_Information/brochure_seniorcat.cfm


 * "Bad breath, in fact, may indicate conditions from periodontal, kidney, respiratory or liver disease to diabetes, skin disease (involving tissue around the lips) or oral trauma, such as electric cord injury."However, by far, the most common problem associated with bad breath is periodontal disease," says Dr. Davis. "Just think how your breath would smell if you didn't brush your teeth for a week, months or even years. Without good dental care, this preventable disease is likely to cause pain, tooth loss, and infection that, in some cases, can spread to other organs. Without tooth brushing, a film called plaque adheres to the teeth. Over time, this film thickens and hardens, attracting even more plaque. The gums will swell with gingivitis, eventually leading to tissue and bone loss. Early stages of periodontal disease can be remedied with professional teeth cleaning, which would give your cat a fresh start, but plaque will build up again within days without regular tooth brushing."http://www.vet.cornell.edu/FHC/health_information/CW_BadBreath.cfm

Development of teeth is similar to the development of scales in that they evolve from epidermal eruptions in the skin of the jaws The basic structure of a tooth consists of three main regions:
 * "Teeth

enamel - the surface layer of the tooth that is hard and protective dentine - makes up the bulk of the tooth pulp cavity - contains the blood vessels and nerves that feed and innervate the tooth Teeth can vary in their permanence, their attachment, and their structural differentiation. Polyphyodont - continuous succession of teeth throughout life (shark) Diphyodont - replacement of milk or deciduous teeth by permanent teeth (mammals) Monophyodont - single set of teeth retained throughout life (whales, marsupials) Attachment (Fig. 13.10, p. 480): Acrodont - simplest teeth that have no roots and may break off easily from jaw (fish and amphibians) Pleurodont - teeth attached by one side to the inner surface of the jaw bone (lizards) Thecodont - teeth set into sockets and relatively immobile Structural differentiation: Homodont - teeth essentially all alike Heterodont - teeth differentiated into a variety of uses Examples of heterodont teeth may be seen in the four tooth types of mammals: Incisors - most anterior teeth, adapted for securing food, grooming, or nibbling Canines - next posterior, spikelike teeth that are used for holding, piercing and ripping Premolars - behind the canines, used for grinding Molars - most posterior, used for crushing, with a greater surface area than premolars The numbers and types of teeth by a dental formula I, c, p, m that describes only one side of the mouth: Human 2/2, 1/1, 2/2, 3/3 = 16 x 2 sides = 32 teeth (omnivore) Cat 3/3, 1/1, 3/2, 1/1 = 15 x 2 sides = 30 teeth (carnivore) Deer 0/3, 0/1, 3/3, 3/3 = 16 x 2 sides = 32 teeth (herbivore) Other terms associated with teeth include (Fig. 13.15, p. 482): Diastema - space that occurs between incisors and premolars Hypsodont - teeth with high crowns Brachyodont - teeth with low crowns Bunodont - grinding surface slightly raised into separate rounded tubercles and entirely covered in enamel Lophodont - cusps of the teeth drawn out into ridges Tusks - excessively developed teeth, either incisors (elephants) or canines (walrus) Fangs - associated with poison glands, excessively developed canines Egg tooth - largely dentine, found in birds and reptiles and used as a means of hatching from a cleidoic egg - not a true tooth."http://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/Chap13.html Sam Houston State University

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 * cat teeth are similiar to human teeth. Dental health is associated with the development of insulin resistance. "70 percent of cats show signs of oral disease by age three, Large dogs tend to fracture teeth while chewing on things that are too hard. IN CATS

Bad breath

Bleeding along the gum line after brushing

A sudden aversion to hot or cold foods

Leaving a mess when they eat

Swallowing food whole

Vomiting whole pieces of kibble

Hiding

Poor grooming

Acting less playful" http://now.tufts.edu/articles/dental-disease-cats-dogs