User:Barkat mirzai

Analysis of "A Horse and Two Goats" Haven't posted for a while (I seem to be writing this in every new post nowdays), so here's another school assignment; an analysis of "A Horse and Two Goats" by R.K. Narayan.

“A Horse and Two Goats” is a short story written by R. K. Narayan, from India. Basically, the story is about two individuals, an American and an Indian, trying to converse and communicate, but they can not seem to understand each other because of the lack of knowledge in the other’s language and culture. The story spans a very short time, perhaps a half an hour. As it is revealed in the very beginning of the story, it takes place in a very small village called Kiritam, which is only represented by a tiny dot on the local survey map.

The narration of the story goes chronologically, in a third-person omniscient view, with the main characters being an American tourist and an old Indian man. Both of the characters seem a little bit ignorant and ethnocentric, as none of them have competent background knowledge of the other’s culture and language. The fact that they can not understand each other can be looked upon as the main conflict.

However, by what is told, it seems like if the American should know more about Indian culture, than what the old man should know about the western ways. This is because the American is a wealthy person, probably a businessman, from New York, who has had a lifelong dream of visiting and seeing India. Somebody like this should probably had more cultural knowledge that what is shown. Along with this, he shows lack of respect when he sees a statue he finds to his liking, and wants it in his possession at once. He thinks he can just purchase it from the old man, without considering what the statue means for him or the native people. This way, the American is presented as a typical wealthy western person, who is quite materialistic and thinks that money solves all problems. What can be considered as odd, and perhaps just another example of western ignorance, is that the American naturally assumes that because the old man stands beside the statute, he owns it.

On the other hand, we have the old man, who presents himself as Muni. He is depicted as a poor conservative person, who e.g. believes that “the cinema has spoiled the people and taught them how to do evil things.” Muni is presented as the typical poor native who is quite the opposite of the American. His salary is mentioned as in coppers and nickels, and he has not seen currency notes higher than fives and tens. Materialism is not an important factor for Muni, whose dream of a lifetime is opening up a small shop under a thatched roof, selling fried nuts, sweets and coconut to travelers in need of quenching their thirst and satisfying their hunger. As mentioned earlier, it is perhaps not so surprising that Muni knew little about western culture. As a poor rural man from a third-world country, he has limited access to information about other cultures. Therefore, he has trouble understanding that the American wants to obtain the statue, because the lack of materialistic ideology in his way of thinking makes him ignore the fact that the American perhaps wants to buy this particular object, which has no practical use at all. Muni is portrayed as a disciplined and religious character as well, which is typical Indian. E.g. in the beginning of the conversation, he just wants the American to go away, but as the American keeps talking, Muni wants to repay this by leading the conversation on, himself. He also seems like a lonely person, because it is revealed later on that he is very grateful for the American’s kindness (or what he thinks is kindness, as the only reason why the American is chatting with this poor old man, is because he wants to make a deal on the statue). Muni tells the American about the religious aspects of the horse statue, thus indicating that he is a quite religious person (perhaps there is also a trace of superstition).

The entire short story is a conversation between two people, and this conversation builds up to a climax, where the suspense is at its top. At one point in the story we are told that “the truth dawned on the old man”. We consider this the climax of this particular short story, because here we finally get the feeling that there is some understanding between the two. However, as soon we have reached the climax, we are met with the turning point: Muni has mistaken the American’s intentions, and believes that he wants to purchase his goats. After this, the suspense decreases, towards the end.

There is a symbolical element in the story, the horse statue. Along with time, the statue has been forgotten and in a way, so has the village. The village may not have been forgotten, but it is so small compared to the rest of the large cities of the world. Consequently, this village called Kiritam does not seem to be common knowledge. Another factor this statue represents is the newer generations that are becoming, perhaps, less religious and more liberal. It is mentioned that “even the youthful vandals of the village left the statue alone”. The younger generations do not seem to care about the spiritual significance of the religious statue.

Apparently, the most relevant and important thematic element in the story is cultural differences. Both the American and the old man are quite ethnocentric by knowing little of each other’s cultural background, and both keep talking about different topics, not understanding a word of what the other one is saying. R. K. Narayan, who may have experienced a similar situation, is trying to convey that cross-cultural knowledge is important in the world today. Muni and the American are to quite different people. Basically, one is poor and the other is rich. We see how different these two people are by what they value. For the wealthy American, the statue is nothing but pretty decoration, and the hundred rupees he offers the old man are of little value to him. Muni, on the other hand, who only owns coppers and nickels, can not even afford the petty dream of his, because he does not have the small amount of twenty rupees that are needed for this. The statue of the horse isn’t a decorative object for Muni. As a matter of fact, Muni values it for the spiritual importance of it. This again shows how wealthy people are quite materialistic, while the poor value the small things.

Summary of the story ” A Horse and Two Goats” The story ” A Horse and Two Goats” written by R.K. Narayan was published in the “New Yorker” in 1965 and is about the meeting of two men in India who don´t speak a word of eatch others language. The man Muni lives with his family in a village called Kritam. They live in poor circumstances. Before most of his cattle died because of pestilence he had about fourty sheep and goats. Now Muni is an old man and there are just two goats left. Every morning the takes the goats to a place to graze. On his way he passes a clay statue of a horse every day without thinking about it. On morning he leaves his home with the goats and rests at the statue when a car runs out of gas in front of him. It´s an American on holidays in India. When he sees the statue he tryes to buy it because he thinks that Muni is trying to sell it. The American only speaks English and Muni speaks in his language Tamil. They are trying to communicate but but don´t understand a word of what the other is trying to say. When the American starts showing his money while petting the goats Muni thinks the man wants to buy his goats, takes 100 rupees happily and leaves. A Horse and Two Goats Themes Culture Clash The most important theme in "A Horse and Two Goats," and in fact the central theme of Narayan's work, is the clash of cultures, specifically the clash of Indian and Western cultures. Using humor instead of ut literally and metaphorically speak different languages. The two main characters in this story couldn't be more different: Muni is poor, rural, uneducated, Hindu, brown; the American is wealthy, urban, educated, probably Judeo-Christian, white. As a good Hindu, Muni calmly accepts the hand that fate has dealt him, while the American is willing and able to take drastic and sudden action to change his life (for example, flying off to India, or throwing away his return plane ticket to transport a horse statue home on a ship). Each man is quite ignorant of.. by: Barkat Mirzai