User:Baskoro.alexander/sandbox

Area

 * Add to section 2.3 Gentrification and displacement
 * Add to section 5 Current efforts to address the issue by region
 * 5.1 California (overview)
 * Add to section 4 Impact of Homelessness
 * Add new Anti-Homeless ordinances section
 * Add new Berkeley section to section 3 Prevalence and visibility by city

Sector

 * Add to section 3 Evidence and outcomes
 * Add to section 6 Outside the US
 * Add to section 6.1 Australia
 * Add to 6.2 Canada
 * Add new Denmark section
 * Add new misc. section
 * Add to section 7 Criticism of Housing First

Area
Section 2.3 Gentrification

On January 18, 2016, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, in response to issues of gentrification the Black Seed Collective coordinated a Black Lives Matter movement protest blocking all westbound traffic on the Bay Bridge that connects Oakland and San Francisco. During this protest they demanded for "the immediate divestment of city funds for policing and investment in sustainable, affordable housing so Black, Brown and Indigenous people can remain in their hometowns of Oakland and San Francisco."

A major problem of food insecurity as a result of high rents exacerbated by gentrification has caused some to resort to long-term dependence on friends, family and charity; stealing food; exchanging sex for food; and selling controlled substances as a means for overcoming food insecurity.

[NEW] Section 3.3 Berkeley

People's Park is currently home to many community members of Berkeley's large homeless population and has remained a safe place of refuge for them due to a long history of students advocacy, free speech riots, and protests against the University of California, Berkeley in the iconic university owned public park.

Section 4 The impact of homelessness

San Francisco's homeless youth experience high rates of psychiatric disorders and substance use and have been know to use the following substances: cannabis, cocaine, narcotics (heroine and methadone) and stimulants (methamphetamine and amphetamine).

Section 5.1 California (overview)

"We Count California!" is a collaborative effort between the California Homeless Youth Project and the University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health to combat the issue of homeless youth being undercounted during the annual point-in-time homeless counts which are crucial for federal funding of homeless support programs. They hope to achieve more accurate counts by providing trainings and statewide technical assistance activities to support California communities toward improved youth inclusion.

[NEW] Section 6 Anti-Homeless Ordinances

[NEW] Section 6.1 San Francisco

San Francisco's sit-lie law, Section 168 of San Francisco's Police Code, aim to criminalize homelessness by making it "unlawful to sit or lie down upon a public sidewalk" "during the hours seven (7:00) a.m. and eleven (11:00) p.m." Without many places to go during the day, homeless people are often subjected to law enforcement and sometimes even receiving multiple violations in the same day. Violations result in a fine between $50 to $100 or must be petitioned in court which presents even larger barriers to homeless individuals.

[NEW] Section 6.2 Berkeley

On December 1, 2015, new ordinances passed that prohibits people lying in planter beds, tying possessions to poles or trees or keeping them within two feet of a tree-well or planter, taking up more than two square feet of space with belongings, and keeping a shopping cart in one place for more than an hour during the day. It also further penalizes public urination and defecation. Many of these restrictions make it extremely difficult for homeless individuals to store and protect their belongings.

Sector
Section 3 Evidence and outcomes

The implementation of Housing First philosophy when working with homeless families and young adults has been shown to increase clients' enrollment in public assistance benefits, decrease involvement in the child welfare system, and have very few returning to homelessness.

When comparing the effects of Housing First on older and younger homeless adults, older homeless adults have shown significantly higher rates of improvement in areas like mental component summary scores, condition specific quality of life, mental health symptom severity, and percentage of days stably housed.

When comparing the effects of Housing First on homeless adults with lower or borderline intellectual functioning to homeless adults with normal intellectual functioning it has been shown that there is no significant difference.

Section 6.1 Australia

The "Street to Home" and "Common Ground" projects have been shown to produce similar results to the US Housing First model in terms of strong housing outcomes and reductions in intensity and frequency of service use relative to pre-intervention levels.

Section 6.2 Canada

Following the development of several Housing First programs through the Home/Chez Soi research project, an initiative to provide Housing First training and technical assistance was created and has been shown to be useful in developing high fidelity programs.

[NEW] Section 6.7 Denmark

In Denmark, Housing First is embedded in the national Homeless Strategy as the overall strategy. However, it has been shown that this intervention strategy is serving only a small number of people recorded to be homeless which is most likely due to barriers like shortage of affordable housing.

[NEW] Section 6.8 Miscellaneous

As part of the H2020 research project "HOME_EU: Reversing Homelessness in Europe" by the European Commission, approximately 5600 surveys have been conducted between March and December 2017 in France, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Poland, and Sweden in order to understand people's knowledge, attitudes, and practices about homelessness and how much support the general public has in regards to Housing First as a solution for homelessness in Europe.

Section 7 Criticism of Housing First

In a rapid review and document analysis of Housing First scholarly literature in the US and Canada, it has been shown that these literature are severely lacking in the implementation and explicit mention of Harm Reduction.

Area
Article: Homelessness in the San Francisco Bay Area

Why: I chose to work on this article because I believe that it is directly relevant to the work of the Suitcase Clinic and the population that we aim to serve. Many of the clients of the Suitcase Clinic come from across the SF bay area for our services and I believe that it is important to continue to learn about this community and put that in context with what Suitcase does.

Plan: I will be transferring information from the "Homelessness in Berkeley" section of the Berkeley, California page to the Homelessness in the San Francisco Bay Area. This page has historical, statistical, and contemporary information about the state of homelessness in the SF bay area but only currently includes San Francisco and Richmond. However, I hope to add information about Berkeley as this extends the reach of the page to the east bay area where homelessness is very prevalent. I also intend to add a lot more to the "Current efforts to address the issue by region" section of the article to keep it current and relevant.

Sectors
Article: Housing First

Why: I chose to work on this article because this is an evidence based solution to homelessness that has been proven to be successful.

Plan: This article already has a lot of great and detailed information but I hope to contribute more scholarly findings that are more recent in an effort to keep the page fresh and relevant. There are new scholarly articles being published often as this topic has become very relevant in the current discussions and debates surrounding solutions for homelessness.

Article Evaluation
I evaluated the Homelessness in the San Francisco Bay Area page. Overall, the article seems very new and could definitely benefit from more information.


 * Evaluating Content
 * There seems to be a lot of really good statistical information and historical information as well.
 * The content is very concise and straight forward.
 * Easy to understand and pretty informative.
 * Evaluating Tone
 * The tone seemed neutral for the most part, but with the nature of the topic there are some parts that may seem rooted in a specific view point/attitude.
 * Evaluating Sources
 * There are a wide range of sources.
 * About half of the sources come from more informal sources like newspaper articles, but the other half come from more reputable sources.
 * There definitely needs to be more research articles about this topic.
 * Checking the Talk Page
 * There were some discussions on the talk page. They were in regards to making minor changes and some concerns about missing content and legitimate sources.

Area
1. Bacon, David. “Homeless Residents Build Intentional Community in Berkeley.” Race, Poverty & the Environment, no. Vol. 21, No. 1, Power in Place, 1 Jan. 2016, pp. 32–39.

The author writes to scholars interested in race, poverty, and the environment to engage them in the current culture of political organizing of homeless residents in Berkeley, CA. This article explains the subculture of homelessness that is unique to Berkeley and gives a history on the homeless encampments in Berkeley used for protesting anti-homelessness. A main conclusion is that homeless individuals are organizing in order to solve the issue of homelessness because the city is failing to provide permanent solutions such as affordable housing. This article proved useful for understanding the culture of homelessness that is specific to Berkeley. It also provided perspectives from the homeless community as well as historical context about the city’s relationship to homelessness. This article is relevant to the Suitcase Clinic as it directly involves our targeted client demographic.

2. Kieschnick, Hannah. “A Cruel and Unusual Way to Regulate the Homeless.” Stanford Law Review, Stanford Law Review, May 2018, www.stanfordlawreview.org/print/article/a-cruel-and-unusual-way-to-regulate-the-homeless/.

The author writes to Stanford Law students to engage them in understanding the anti-homeless ordinances that exist and how they regulate and oppress homeless individuals. This article describes the many anti-homeless ordinances that are used to regulate homelessness and dives into the historical, political, and legal implications. A main conclusion is that laws are made that criminalize homelessness in California. This article proves useful in understanding anti-homeless ordinances from a legal standpoint. It was useful for my area study because it provided many examples and explanations of ordinances specific to the San Francisco Bay Area.

3. Lin, Jessica S., et al. “We Count, California! A Statewide Capacity-Building Effort to Improve Youth Inclusion in California's Point-in-Time Homeless Counts.” World Medical & Health Policy, vol. 9, no. 3, 2017, pp. 285–306., doi:10.1002/wmh3.232.

The author writes to scholars interested in world medicine and health policy to engage them in understanding current efforts made to improve youth inclusion during homeless point-in-time counts in California. This article describes the “We Count, California!” program that tries to educate and support counters to include more accurate counts regarding youth homelessness. A main conclusion is that structural barriers such as anti-homeless ordinances continue to affect the true count of homeless youth in California. This proves useful in understanding the point-in-time counting system and highlights the reasons for undercounting. This helped me understand the negative affects of anti-homeless ordinances. This is relevant to my area study as it is specific to homelessness in California and talks about the San Francisco Bay Area.

4. Maharawal, Manissa M. “Black Lives Matter, Gentrification and the Security State in the San Francisco Bay Area.” Anthropological Theory, vol. 17, no. 3, 2017, pp. 338–364., doi:10.1177/1463499617732501.

The author writes to scholars interested in anthropological theory to engage them in understanding the relationship between gentrification and the Black Lives Matter movement in the SF Bay Area. This article describes the negative affects of gentrification and showcases how the Black Lives Matter movement responded in protest. A main conclusion is that gentrification is an oppressive system that exerts violence and spatial control upon poor racialized urban populations. This article proves useful in understanding the process of displacement through gentrification rooted in institutionalized racism. This is relevant to my area study because it helps to understand one of the main causes for displacement in the SF Bay Area, a root cause of homelessness.

5. Mitchell, Don. “Iconography and Locational Conflict from the Underside.” Political Geography, vol. 11, no. 2, 1992, pp. 152–169., doi:10.1016/0962-6298(92)90046-v.

The author writes to scholars interested in political geography to engage them in understanding topics of locational conflict that affect people in Berkeley, CA. The article describes the historical battle over political economic power, public space, and free speech between UC Berkeley and other Berkeley communities. A main conclusion is that UC Berkeley used property and space politics to disenfranchise communities as a means for gaining power and control. This article proves useful in understanding how Berkeley has developed over time and to note, which power structures still exist. It is helpful when compared to a contemporary context. This is relevant to my area study as it provides specific details about the history of homelessness in Berkeley.

6. Quimby, Ernika G., et al. “Psychiatric Disorders and Substance Use in Homeless Youth: A Preliminary Comparison of San Francisco and Chicago.” Behavioral Sciences, vol. 2, no. 3, 2012, pp. 186–194., doi:10.3390/bs2030186.

The author writes to scholars interested in behavioral sciences to engage them in understanding the effects of homeless on youth in San Francisco and Chicago. This article describes a study that compares the effects of youth homelessness on psychiatric disorders and substance use between San Francisco and Chicago. A main conclusion is that although both populations show high numbers of psychiatric disorders and substance use, San Francisco’s homeless youth showed much higher numbers and range of substances used. This article proves useful in understanding drug use in the youth homelessness community. It also highlights how the affects appear differently in different areas. It is relevant for my areas study as it provides specific details about the drugs used by homeless youth in the SF Bay Area.

7. Whittle, Henry J., et al. “Food Insecurity, Chronic Illness, and Gentrification in the San Francisco Bay Area: An Example of Structural Violence in United States Public Policy.” Social Science & Medicine, vol. 143, 2015, pp. 154–161., doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.08.027.

The author writes to scholars interested in social science and medicine to engage them in understanding the effects of gentrification on food security and chronic illness. This article describes a study in which people in the SF Bay Area living with HIV describe their experiences with food insecurity. A main conclusion is that gentrification is a structurally violent system that contributes to food insecurity in the SF Bay Area. This article proves useful in understanding the effects of gentrification and the experience of food insecurity. This is important, as food insecurity is heavily associated with homelessness and poverty. This is relevant to my area study as it specifically highlights experiences associated with homelessness in the SF Bay Area.

Sector
1. Benjaminsen, Lars. “Housing First in Denmark: An Analysis of the Coverage Rate among Homeless People and Types of Shelter Users.” Social Inclusion, vol. 6, no. 3, 2018, p. 327., doi:10.17645/si.v6i3.1539.

The author writes to scholars interested in social science research to engage them in issues regarding the implementation of the Housing First model in Denmark. This article explains the low number (1 of 20) of homeless individuals receiving Housing First intervention despite it being embedded as the overall strategy for the National Homelessness Strategy in Denmark. A main conclusion is that the low number is a result of barriers such as shortage of affordable housing which should be addressed by moving Housing First into mainstream welfare services instead of just homeless specific services. This article proved useful for understanding the structural barriers to implementing Housing First despite its success. It also provides a much-needed implication for policy change. This is relevant to my sector as it provides a criticism on homeless policy.

2. Chung, Timothy E., et al. “Housing First for Older Homeless Adults with Mental Illness: a Subgroup Analysis of the At Home/Chez Soi Randomized Controlled Trial.” International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol. 33, no. 1, 2017, pp. 85–95., doi:10.1002/gps.4682.

The author writes to scholars interested in geriatrics and clinical psychology to engage them in the comparison between the effects of Housing First on older and younger homeless adults with mental illness. This article describes a study that showcases the positive effects of Housing First on the overall mental health and percentage of days stably housed for these populations. A main conclusion is that both groups showed significant improvement, while older homeless adults with mental illness benefitted more from Housing First. This article proved useful in understanding more specific populations affected by homelessness. It also further proves the need for Housing First. This is relevant to my sector as it adds more research about the Housing First model.

3. Collins, Cyleste C., et al. “Implementing Housing First with Families and Young Adults: Challenges and Progress toward Self-Sufficiency.” Children and Youth Services Review, vol. 96, 2019, pp. 34–46., doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.11.025.

The author writes to scholars interested in children and youth services to engage them in the effects of implementing the Housing First philosophy when working with families and young adults experiencing homelessness. This article describes a study that involves monitoring the usefulness of Housing First methods when working with families and young adults. A main conclusion is that the overall effects were beneficial. This article proved useful in understanding the differences between how solutions to homelessness affect different subpopulations. It shows that more groups need to be included when implementing these intervention strategies. This is relevant to my sector as it adds more research about the Housing First model.

4. Durbin, Anna, et al. “The Effect of Housing First on Housing Stability for People with Mental Illness and Low Intellectual Functioning.” The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 63, no. 11, 2018, pp. 785–789., doi:10.1177/0706743718782940.

The author writes to scholars interested in clinical psychiatry to engage them in the effects of Housing First on housing stability for people with mental illness and low intellectual functioning. This article describes a study that involves comparing homeless individuals with mental illness and low intellectual function and borderline intellectual function to those with normal intellectual function. A main conclusion is that there is no significant difference between the groups. This article proves useful in understanding how solutions to homelessness affect different subpopulations. It shows that more groups need to be included when implementing these intervention strategies. This is relevant to my sector as it adds more research about the Housing First model.

5. Kertesz, Stefan G., and Guy Johnson. “Housing First: Lessons from the United States and Challenges for Australia.” Australian Economic Review, vol. 50, no. 2, 2017, pp. 220–228., doi:10.1111/1467-8462.12217.

The author writes to scholars interested in economics to engage them in understanding the implementation of solutions to homelessness that are derived from the Housing First model in the US. This article describes and evaluates Australia’s “Street to Home” and “Common Ground” programs relative to the Housing First model used in the US. A main conclusion is that there were similar results to the US and shows statistically significant, positive outcomes. This article proves useful in understanding how other countries are adopting the methods used in the Housing First model as a result of its effectiveness. It shows that the method can work globally. This is relevant to my sector as it provides more research about the Housing First model.

6. Macnaughton, Eric, et al. “Navigating Complex Implementation Contexts: Overcoming Barriers and Achieving Outcomes in a National Initiative to Scale Out Housing First in Canada.” American Journal of Community Psychology, vol. 62, no. 1-2, 2018, pp. 135–149., doi:10.1002/ajcp.12268.

The author writes to scholars interested in clinical psychology to engage them in understanding the current efforts made to scale out and establish the Housing First model in different parts of Canada. This article describes the new system of Housing First training and technical assistance to ensure the success of newly established Housing First projects. A main conclusion is that the training and technical assistance program proved to create high-fidelity Housing First programs. This article proves useful in understanding methods for improving the Housing First model. It helps to provide solutions to structural barriers to the establishment of Housing First. This is relevant to my sector as it helps to explore the current efforts made for the improvement of Housing First.

7. Petit, J. M., et al. “Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices about Homelessness and Willingness-to-Pay for Housing-First across 8 European Countries: a Survey Protocol.” Archives of Public Health, vol. 76, no. 1, 2018, doi:10.1186/s13690-018-0317-x.

The author writes to scholars interested in public health to engage them in understanding efforts to develop and implement the Housing First model in 8 different European countries. This article describes the European Commission’s effort to survey people across 8 European countries in order to gauge the general public’s knowledge, attitude, and practices about homelessness. A main conclusion is that these types of surveys will help to collect information that could be useful when implementing new strategies for solutions to homelessness. This article proves useful in understanding the process and challenges of developing solutions to global issues of poverty. This is relevant to my sector as it showcases an effort towards implement the Housing First model.

8. Watson, Dennis P., et al. “Housing First and Harm Reduction: a Rapid Review and Document Analysis of the US and Canadian Open-Access Literature.” Harm Reduction Journal, vol. 14, no. 1, 2017, doi:10.1186/s12954-017-0158-x.

The author writes to scholars interested in harm reduction to engage them with the evaluation and review of Housing First scholarly literature in relation to harm reduction. This article describes a rapid review and document analysis of Housing First scholarly literature and highlights many of the flaws found. A main conclusion is that the majority of literature failed to explicitly mention harm reduction, which is a key component to the Housing First model. This article proves useful in understanding the criticism of Housing First and the importance of scholarly literature. It highlights the potential for misunderstanding of the Housing First model. This is relevant to my sector as it provides a criticism on research and scholarly literature in regards to Housing First.