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Confidential Birth:
Evaluating Content: The content within the article so far gives a general understanding of what confidential birth is. However, there is many grammatical errors and no citations, so the information given is not very reliable. It is missing the timeline of the topic, the advantages and disadvantages of it, the events behind it, and so much more.

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Sources for Confidential Birth:
1 .“Social Service Review.” Social Service Review, vol. 25, no. 1, 1951, pp. 139–140. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/30018637.

- Article about the necessity of completing birth certificates and how they are inadequately protected by the disclosure of the information.

2 . Johnson, John W. Griswold V. Connecticut: Birth Control and the Constitutional Right of Privacy. Lawrence, Kan: University Press of Kansas, 2005.

- This book gives the history to the right of privacy and will add to the history of confidential birth in the United States.

3 .Kraft, Adrienne D., et al. “Some Theoretical Considerations on Confidential Adoptions, Part I: The Birth Mother.” Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, Spring 1985, pp. 13–21. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=24503212&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

- This article discussesthe meaning of a voluntary termination of parental rights and the appropriate grieving for the loss of the baby to adoption and how the birth mother handles the situation within the American adoption agency.

4 . "Mom Won't Fill Out Form; Kids Denied Birth Certificates." Milwaukee Journal, Jan 16, 1995, pp. 1A''. ProQuest'', https://ezproxy.plu.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.plu.edu/docview/333665338?accountid=2130.

- A personal account of a woman denying to fill out identifiable questions without allowing them to be anonymously answered and denying the mother the birth certificate of her children for refusal/ non substantial answers.

5 . Rowe, G. S. “Infanticide, Its Judicial Resolution, and Criminal Code Revision in Early Pennsylvania.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 135, no. 2, 1991, pp. 200–232. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/987032.

- This article gives a historical account of infanticide and how the mothers were prosecuted for one, having children under the age of 9, and two, for killing the babies born to them. It leads to the creation of confidential birth and laws put in place.

6. Marshall, Jill. "CONCEALED BIRTHS, ADOPTION AND HUMAN RIGHTS LAW: BEING WARY OF SEEKING TO OPEN WINDOWS INTO PEOPLE'S SOULS." The Cambridge Law Journal, vol. 71, no. 2, 2012, pp. 325-354''. ProQuest'', https://ezproxy.plu.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.plu.edu/docview/1030086477?accountid=2130, doi: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.plu.edu/10.1017/S0008197312000517.

- Articulating the laws and rights one has within Britain and how the positions look at the legal rights of personal identity, child identity rights, and the right to personal autonomy and integrity. And a more recent look, article was written in 2011.

7 . Wegar, Katarina. Adoption, Identity, and Kinship: The Debate Over Sealed Birth Records. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997

- This book addresses the positive and negative relationship of secrecy of children's birth certificates. Allowing children to create their own identity rather than look on the past. Also allowing for the sealed records law to stay in place.

8. Grylli, Chryssa, et al. “Anonymous Birth Law Saves Babies-Optimization, Sustainability and Public Awareness.” Archives of Women’s Mental Health, vol. 19, no. 2, Apr. 2016, pp. 291–297. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1007/s00737-015-0567-3.

- An article based on Austria's anonymous birth law, allowing me to broaden the view on "confidential birth" to outside countries of the US.

9. Margaria, Alice. “Anonymous Birth.” International Journal of Children’s Rights, vol. 22, no. 3, July 2014, pp. 552–580. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1163/15718182-02203004.

- Article on Italy's "anonymous birth" laws based on court case of Gordelli v. Italy, addressing how irreversible the law is and how the father is the result for the need of an anonymous birth.

10. Willenbacher, Barbara. “Legal Transfer of French Traditions? German and Austrian Initiatives to Introduce Anonymous Birth.” International Journal of Law, Policy & the Family, vol. 18, no. 3, Dec. 2004, pp. 343–354. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=15273484&site=ehost-live.

- Provides origins of where confidential birth came from and why it succeeded in Austria and Germany for young mothers.

Additions to "Confidential Birth"
Additions to "History"

Infanticide:
In western society Christianity, the reaction to infanticide is of disgust because they feel that what the pregnant female did was against nature and reason and now the parent is denying like to the offspring. Infanticide can be seen as a cover up for sexual misconduct or in more dramatic terms denial of social order. Infanticide was specifically popular in the eighteenth century through the nineteenth century because of the difficulty with prosecution and the nature of the offense. In most places, a humanitarian view led to those prosecuting to consider that the newborns killed were done by helpless unmarried children and pushed them to convict them less.

Infanticide decreased as resolutions came changing the perceptions of females to themselves and others. Society was realizing their oppressive behaviors led to the death of the children. Thus, encouraging society to reconsider the patterns and roles that they play on those involved in the accidents.

Infanticide in definition is a person deliberately killing a child who had yet reached the of discretion, which is to be nine years old. This can be the mother, father, or even grandparents of the child. If the mother were married, then the case would not be tried as infanticide but as common law under murder. If the child was born stillborn, she was to prove it by one witness and a documentation of the newborn's death by an official.

Section on "The Right to Privacy":

Privacy in America is something that was slow to growth. The reason for the inclusion of this section is to give historical background on privacy and how it will come into play for the right of sealed birth records and confidential birth. From the beginning of the creation of the constitution and the Bill of Rights, there is a use of private, such as private property, but it never uses the word privacy and allowing people the right to privacy. Privacy is something that is implied through the language of the laws in place but not something that was emphasized or govern-mentally protected. It was not until the 1850's that privacy began to be something to be fought for as a right and this began when the telegraph was created and people enacting upon criminal activity of people transcribing messages illegally. The right to privacy eventually came from the court case of Griswold v. Connecticut where it argued for there to be a constitutional and legal basis for those seeking privacy in 1965. Griswold v. Connecticut is a case of the State of Connecticut v. Estelle T. Griswold and C. Lee Buxton. Estelle Griswold felt that medically prescribed methods of birth control should be offered and available to married women for the concerns of the health of mothers and economic and emotional stability. Dr. Buxton testified that he advised married women onto certain methods of birth control to preserve the lives and health of women with certain medical conditions. In addition, mentioning the use of contraceptives at that time as a commonplace medical practice in the country, so that birth control should not be seen differently. In conclusion from the representative of that of the State of Connecticut, it stressed that a physician must abide by the law anti contraception statute in the state of Connecticut and advice patients otherwise. Griswold and Buxton were found guilty under the General Statutes of the State of Connecticut because they assisted certain married women for the purpose of preventing conception rather than for medical reasons. When the case was brought all the way to the Supreme Court, lawyer of Griswold and Buxton, Emerson made an argument that - the right to privacy was being violated by the 1879 anti contraception law. He continued the argument that statutes are not followed and if the anti contraception law were to be followed then it would be threatening the privacy of married couples in the state of Connecticut. This argument then led to the protection of the privacy of activities in 1965. The votes were seven in favor of the reversing the Connecticut Supreme Court on birth control appeal and two supporting its affirmation. After fifty years of trying to modify and repeal the Connecticut anti contraception law, to extend the First Amendment protections to peripheral activities and this was also covered under the Bill of Rights.

Some women choose not to give their personal information when giving birth to a child for the fact of privacy and keeping their personal information private/ confidential. They feel that the information asked is too personal and is not useful for medical records. Questions asked include: What is the highest level education reached by both parents? What is the standing employment for parents? How many times has the mother terminated pregnancies? Did the mother smoke during pregnancy, before, or after? How many cigarettes per day? What was the alcohol use per day before and during pregnancy? But to be able to receive the birth certificate, they must fill out the sheet. The questionnaire is not of an anonymous format. The questions are used for the National Center for Health Statistics and is entered in a confidential data set but the data is saved with the mother's name attached.

Reasons for Confidential Birth and Birth Records not being of Public Matter:

Through research, it is often times those of adolescent who decide to have confidential births and confidential adoptions. For some they have unresolved issues being of pubescence with their own family and life. Without the psychological maturity of adulthood, it can be difficult for an adolescent to take on the task of parenting an infant. For adolescents they have just reached the level to link possible consequences to certain actions and not firmly established. Those who experience pregnancy have various of reactions when pregnant of either denial and self-blame or the need for the pregnancy to solve depression or to affirm femininity which can be the reason for little effort of prevention of pregnancy. The relinquish of responsibility leads to adoption and the decision to give the child a better life and the woman the freedom. Because of the lack of information when giving the child up for adoption and the intensity of the time, the mother is asked of whether they want to relinquish their parental rights and asked at the same time if she wants to keep contact with the child. The reaction of the mother could be positive as to want connection with the child or they can have unhappiness about the pregnancy and wants riddance of the child and the consequence of it.

Statistics of birth records are used to register humans but there are problems in acquiring records from children who are: born out of wedlock, children of unknown parentage, they are legitimated children, adopted children. The American Association of Registration Executives and the Council on Vital Records and Statistics created a statement for the need of a nation-wide policy on the confidential nature of birth records which will (1) assure the confidentiality of all birth records; (2) regulation of completeness and accuracy of all information given within birth reports, adoptions, and legitimations; (3) allowing the individual to secure the information regarding their birth or family relationship; (4) protect individuals from the release of information that is undesired; (5) the required information from an administration to keep records secure within programs. This policy of secured birth records require the complete and accurate registration of births essential as individuals need certification of their birth for evidence. As well as, health and social agencies need this information for statistical and administrative purposes, but if the information is left for the general public than information that could be harmful to the child or parents would be insecure.

Change from Traditional Confidential Adoption to Open Adoption:

Confidential adoption- where the nonidentifying or those who keep the records confidential still exchange the medical data regarding the parents between the adoptive and the biological parents through an agency.

Open Adoption- identifying data is exchanged through the contact between the adoptive parents and biological parents and is encouraged. Contact continues throughout the life of the child with things such as, letters, gifts, photographs, or even visits between both sets of parents and the child. Some families put limits on the meeting of biological parents and child with either limited openness or just open.