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Early discoveries and development
During the early 19th century, sedatives were the most common treatment for manic patients. Alkaloids, one of the most widely used sedatives, were introduced into anti-manic treatment by the isolation of morphine from opium by Friedrich Wilhelm Sertürner in 1805. The most successful alkaloids in anti-manic treatment were isolated chemicals of the Solanaceae family, which were plants known for their hallucinogenic effects. One of them was Hyoscyamus, which was isolated by chemists from the German company E. Merck in 1839. Another alkaloid called Hyoscine was isolated by Albert Ladenburg in Germany in 1880. The alkaloids demonstrated sedative and hypnotic properties, which became popular ingredients used in psychotic cocktails for anti-manic patients.

In 1832, a chemist from Giessen, Justus von Liebig synthesised Choral hydrate. It was accessed as a hypnotic in 1869 by pharmacologist Mathias Otto Liebreich. In 1870, American psychiatrist William J. Elstun reported that 5 patients from Indiana Hospital for the Insane improved after receiving Choral hydrate. It soon replaced both morphine and solanaceous alkaloids due to its oral convenience.

At the late 19th century, a pharmacist from Montpellier, Antoine Balard isolated bromides. They were first used as antiepileptics, then were widely used as sedatives in European mental hospitals.

From the beginning of the 20th century to the mid 1950s, barbiturates had been the most widely used medication in anti-manic treatment.

During the 1950s and in the late 1960s, the antimanic efficacy of lithium salts was demonstrated. Its antimanic indication was authorised by the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) of the United States in 1970.

In 1995, valproic acid, an anticonvulsant agent, was approved by the FDA for its antimanic indication. Carbamazepine, an antiepileptic drug, was also developed, which was authorized by numerous regulatory organisations worldwide.

Since 2000, different antipsychotic drugs had their antimanic indications authorised by FDA. They included olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, etc.