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Chinese Traditional Medicine


 * 1) It was created on July 31, 2001.
 * 2)  63.192.137.xxx  was the creator of the page.
 * 3) The last citation was added on April 26, 2023.
 * 4)  梦随飞絮  added the last citation.

Animal bile is one of the common ingredients used in TCM, some include: dog, ox, common carp, mouse, python, goat, sheep, pig, chicken, elephant, bear, wild boar, shark, tiger, turtle, and more. Through the anthropological and archaeological research of TCM, these biles were discovered to be part of the contents of the medicine and served different purposes in treating a variety of diseases.

Of all the animal biles, bear bile was the most valued in TCM, introduced after the Han Dynasty and before the Sui Dynasty. Along with the bear bile, ox gallstones were recognized to have therapeutic use in TCM as well during the Han Dynasty. Many TCM contains both bear bile and ox gallstones due to the chemical properties contained in them to aid in reversing health disorders. Due to this, many ancient Chinese physicians and pharmacists viewed the bear bile and ox gallstones to be "more precious than gold". This was discovered through the many written evidence from ancient Chinese physicians and pharmacists on how to collect bear bile and ox gallstones.

Tortoise bile is used to treat swelling on the eyes with a later case of smallpox. Turtle bile is used to treat those with hemorrhoids and soft-shell turtle bile is used to treat acute and chronic pharyngitis, which is taken orally with a mixture containing ginger juice and peppermint.


 * Wang, David Q.-H.; Carey, Martin C. (7 August 2014). "Therapeutic uses of animal biles in traditional Chinese medicine: An ethnopharmacological, biophysical chemical and medicinal review". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 20 (29): 9952–9975. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9952.
 * Wang, David Q.-H.; Carey, Martin C. (7 August 2014). "Therapeutic uses of animal biles in traditional Chinese medicine: An ethnopharmacological, biophysical chemical and medicinal review". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 20 (29): 9952–9975. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9952.
 * Wang, David Q.-H.; Carey, Martin C. (7 August 2014). "Therapeutic uses of animal biles in traditional Chinese medicine: An ethnopharmacological, biophysical chemical and medicinal review". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 20 (29): 9952–9975. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9952.