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 Current content on page : "Patriarchal bargain is a term coined by Turkish author and researcher Deniz Kandiyoti in 1988, which describes a tactic in which a woman chooses to accommodate and uphold patriarchal norms, accepting gender roles that disadvantage women overall but maximizing her own power and options. It has been used to explain why women in patriarchal societies get married, wear veils, and conform to societal norms about sexual behavior. According to Kandiyoti, patriarchal bargaining changes in nature in different societies based on "class, caste, and ethnicity." "

Patriarchal bargain is a term coined by Turkish author and researcher Deniz Kandiyoti in 1988 in the article "Bargaining with Patriarchy". Patriarchal bargain is the blueprint for how women deal with concrete constraints of different types of patriarchal systems by accepting gender rules that are unfavorable to women in order to survive. These different types of patriarchal systems reveal the various ways that women use to conform to gender norms so they can gain some sort of benefit in return.

Defining patriarchal bargain
Patriarchal bargain is defined as a tactic in which a woman chooses to accommodate and uphold patriarchal norms, accepting gender roles that disadvantage women overall but maximizing her own power, safety and options. It has been used to explain why women in patriarchal societies get married, wear veils, and conform to societal norms about sexual behavior. According to Kandiyoti, patriarchal bargaining changes in nature in different societies based on "class, caste, and ethnicity." Sociologist Lisa Wade states that patriarchal bargain is "an individual strategy designed to manipulate the system to one’s best advantage, but one that leaves the system itself intact." Women choose to conform to the patriarchal system because they feel that the benefits that they receive by conforming exceed the benefits that would come from challenging or changing the system.

History of patriarchal bargain
Deniz Kandiyoti illustrates the term "patriarchal bargain" by contrasting two systems of male dominance and specifically looking at the implications on women in her article "Bargaining with Patriarchy." The first system that Kandiyoti looks at is in sub-Saharan Africa. The second system is in the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia. In sub-Saharan African societies, women are more independent and are is responsible for her and her children's well-being while openly resisting becoming dependent on their husbands. In this polygamous society, men have fairly low responsibility and control over the support of their wives and children due to the insecurities of the polygamy. In areas such as the Mwea irrigated rice settlement in Kenya and in Upper Volta, women would protest and sometimes even leave their husbands when their husbands would take control of their plots of land or demand access to unpaid labor. This polygamous society, with autonomous women who openly resist becoming subordinate to men, is contrasted by looking at the "patriarchal belt" in the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia where "classic patriarchy" is present. In classic patriarchy women are subordinate to all men and older women; and young girls are married off into households headed by their husband's father without any rights to the girl's fathers's patrimony. The only way a woman can gain access to the patriliny is by producing a male offspring. The power of women follows a cyclical pattern, and a woman gains authority in the household when she becomes a mother-in-law and has control over younger women, especially her daughter-in-law. Unlike sub-Saharan African societies, women in classic patriarchies do not resist becoming dependent on their husbands in order to maximize their security.

Patriarchal bargain in modern society
Many examples of patriarchal bargain appear in the media and pop-culture in the 21st century. In the age of reality television and using digital platforms to boost a career, celebrities are subject to use the patriarchal bargain. The act of women using their sexuality in order to achieve success and a career is the prominent illustration of patriarchal bargain. A recognized example of patriarchal bargain in pop culture is Kim Kardashian. Kardashian is known for building a career around her attractiveness and sexuality. It is speculated that Kardashian purposely leaked a sex tape of herself and R&B singer Ray J in 2003. The release of this sex tape catapulted Kim Kardashian into extreme fame. In November of 2014, Kim Kardashian appeared on the cover of Paper Magazine with her bare buttocks showing as she faced the camera smiling. This picture photographed by Jean-Paul Goode was the beginning of the "Break the Internet" campaign. This picture faced a lot of criticism for being an "obviously provocative stunt" in order to gain public attention. Critics of this photo believe that it is just another example of a celebrity using their sexuality in order to get attention to gain more fame and success. Nicki Minaj is another well-known female celebrity who appeared posing suggestively on Paper' s cover as part of the "Break the Internet" campaign in 2017. A recent example of patriarchal bargain in media occurred when American tennis player Serena Williams posted a photo on Twitter of herself wearing undergarments behind a shear curtain. Williams was subject to public scrutiny and took the photo down. This scandal happened soon after a man was arrested for stalking the tennis star. One sports columnist called Serena Williams hypocritical for posting such a suggestive image and stated that she was asking to be stalked. By Williams making her body visible to the public, some suggest that it allows her to be treated as public property; giving people the right to make comments about and judgements on her body. Williams is participating in the patriarchal bargain by trading her sex appeal in exchange for the increased fame that comes to women who obey the rules of this bargain [2]

 Annotated Bibliography:

Kandiyoti, Deniz (1988). "Bargaining with Patriarchy". Gender and Society. 2 (3): 274–290.

This is one of the current sources used in the "Patriarchal Bargain" Wikipedia article. It is an article written by the woman who originally coined up with the term "Patriarchal Bargain". It gives a background on how this term came about and examples of patriarchal bargain. This source is used in the "Defining patriarchal bargain" and "History of patriarchal bargain" sections.

Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Sep., 2003), pp. 281-295

This sources discusses Kandiyoti's article further and applies it to Bedouin women in Southern Egypt. This article reinforces the argument from the "Bargaining with Patriarchy" article and is used in our work in order to make up the argument with more evidence and add further credibility.

Pages, The Society. "Serena Williams' Patriarchal Bargain - Sociological Images"

This source was used in our page as a source for “patriarchal bargain in modern society”. This source discussed how patriarchal bargain is present today and gave modern examples of patriarchal bargain such as Serena Williams posting a photo in her undergarments.

Notes:

Sources to look at:


 * "Bargaining with Patriarchy" https://www.jstor.org/stable/190357?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
 * Notes:
 * Patriarchal bargain has variations for different classes, castes, and ethnicities
 * patriarchy expresses itself differently in different places
 * Contrast two systems of male dominance:
 * Sub-Saharan Africa
 * Many instances of a woman's resistance to attempts to lower the value of their labor and women's refusal to allow the total appropriation of their production by their husbands
 * In Mwea, women were deprived access to their own plots, lacked alternatives and had lack of control of the earnings of men so they would desert their husbands
 * polygyny
 * Middle East, South Asia, East Asia
 * "patriarchal belt"
 * Classic patriarchy
 * Girls are given away at a young age into households headed by their husbands father -- cyclical
 * Subordinate to men and to senior women
 * aspire to have sons
 * have more power when become a mother-in-law
 * sons are a woman's most critical resource