User:Beland/Todo

User:Beland/Civilization restart

= Stability of democracy =
 * Graduated to Democracy!
 * Merge lists to Democratic backsliding by country; see also Democracy, Democratic backsliding



User:Freoh says: "there's a lot wrong with this map - political boundaries are historically wrong, and colonies like Alaska are not labelled as such"

VERY INCOMPLETE LIST, PROBABLY NOT SUITABLE TO USE

Autocracies that look like democracies are a threat across the globe


 * March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
 * 1973 Chilean coup d'état temporarily made Chile a military dictatorship. The Chilean transition to democracy ended when Patricio Aylwin became president in March 1990.
 * Thailand
 * 2006 Thai coup d'état
 * 2014 Thai coup d'état
 * The Retreat Of Democracy In Thailand
 * Thai King Signs Military-Backed Constitution

Oldest:
 * Athenian democracy - military coups, Roman conquest

Case studies of interest:
 * Republic

Whatever happened to

 * Classical Athens - 508–322 BC - List of republics: Various Greek city-states under Classical Athenian influence; these loyalties and governments changed frequently (see synoecisms), and in some instances were even under the influence of Sparta without succumbing to oligarchy.
 * Ancient Carthage - 480–146 BC - Fate: military defeat by Rome (another republic) in the Punic Wars ... List of republics: In 308 BC, an attempted coup to restore the monarch to full power failed, which led to Carthage retaining its republican government.
 * Republic of Sassari (1275-1323) - military surrender to Alfonso IV of Aragon, an absolute monarch
 * 🇦🇫 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (9 October 2004 – 15 August 2021) - military conquest - 2021 Taliban offensive
 * Ecclesia (Sparta) - Sparta - absorbed into Roman Republic
 * Licchavi Republic - conquered by Magadha in the Magadha-Vajji war

UNCLEAR SO FAR:
 * Gotland (?-1285) - conquered, restored with Swedish democratization
 * Novgorod Republic (1136–1478) - Mixed government
 * Bajjāna (886-922) - absorbed into Caliphate of Córdoba, unclear enfranchisement

YET TO RESEARCH:
 * Republic and History of democracy explain a lot!
 * Maritime republics - Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Amalfi, Ragusa (now Dubrovnik), Gaeta, Ancona, and the little Noli.


 * Upstalsboom League (c. 12th century–15th century)
 * Flag of The Icelandic Commonwealth.png Icelandic Commonwealth (930–1262)
 * Couto Misto (c. 1000 – 1868)
 * Taifa of Córdoba (1031–1070)
 * Republic of Florence (1115–1537)
 * Republic of Siena (1125–1557)
 * Novgorod Republic (1136–1478)
 * Commune of Rome (1144–1193)
 * Most Serene Republic of Lucca (1160–1805)
 * Haudenosaunee (c. 13th century–1794)
 * Old Swiss Confederacy (1291–1798)
 * Republic of Poljica (1322–1806)
 * Republic of Senarica (1343–1797)
 * Символ господарства Псковского.png Pskov Republic (1348–1510)
 * Confederacy of Tlaxcala (1348–1520)
 * Dithmarschen (c. 1400 – 1559)
 * Republic of Cospaia (1440–1826)
 * Golden Ambrosian Republic (1447–1450)
 * Most Serene Republic of Venice (697–1797)
 * Republic of Gaeta (839–1140)
 * Republic of Amalfi (839–1131)
 * Republic of Ancona (c. 1000 – 1532)
 * Republic of Pisa (c. 1000 – 1406, 1494–1509)
 * Most Serene Republic of Genoa (c. 1100 – 1797)
 * Republic of Noli (1192–1797)
 * Republic of Ragusa (1358–1808) - aristocratic
 * DEU Ulm COA.svg Free Imperial City of Ulm (de jure: 1290–1803; de facto: 1184–1803)
 * Wappen Lübeck.svg Free Imperial City of Lübeck (1226–1811)
 * DEU Offenburg COA.svg Free Imperial City of Offenburg (c. 1240–1803)
 * Wappen Regensburg.svg Free Imperial City of Regensburg (1245-1486; 1496–1803)
 * Wappen Bad Buchau.svg Free Imperial City of Buchau (c. 1250–1803)
 * Wappen Bad Wimpfen.svg Free Imperial City of Wimpfen (c. 1300–1803)
 * Blason Mulhouse.svg Free Imperial City of Mühlhausen (1347–1798)
 * Wappen Bremen Nur Schild.svg Free Imperial City of Bremen (de jure: 1654–1811; de facto: 1366–1811)
 * Wappen Gersau.svg Republic of Gersau (1433–1798)
 * Zaporizhian Sich (1552–1775)
 * Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)
 * Dutch Republic (1581–1795)
 * Saint-Malo (1590–1594)
 * Republic of Salé (1619–1668)
 * Cossack Hetmanate (1649–1764)
 * 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Commonwealth of England (1649–1660)
 * Republic of Pirates (1706–1718)
 * Corsican Republic (1755–1769)
 * Republic of Paulava (1769–1795)
 * Lanfang Republic (1777–1884)
 * Vermont Republic (1777–1791)
 * First French Republic (1792–1804)
 * Republic of Graaff-Reinet (1795–1796)
 * State of Muskogee (1799–1803)
 * Republic of Liège (1789–1791)
 * Rauracian Republic (1792–1793)
 * Republic of Bouillon (1794–1795)
 * Batavian Republic (1795–1806)
 * Cispadane Republic (1796–1797)
 * Transpadane Republic (1796–1797)
 * Anconine Republic (1797–1798)
 * Cisalpine Republic (1797–1802)
 * Cisrhenian Republic (1797–1802)
 * Ligurian Republic (1797–1805)
 * Tiberina Republic (1798)
 * Piedmontese Republic (1798–1799)
 * Helvetic Republic (1798–1802)
 * Roman Republic (1798–1799)
 * Republic of Lucca (1799–1805)
 * Subalpine Republic (1800–1802)
 * Italian Republic (1802–1805)
 * Rhodanic Republic (1802–1810)
 * Swiss Confederation (1803–1815)
 * Republic of Ragusa (1806–1808)
 * Free City of Danzig (1807–1814)
 * Flag of the Republic of Maryland.svg Republic of Maryland (1853–1857)
 * Orange Free State (1854–1902)
 * South African Republic (1856–1877; 1881–1902)
 * Flag of Haiti.svg First Republic of Haiti (1806–1811)
 * Flag of Haiti (1806–1811).svg State of Haiti (1810–1811)
 * Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1841)
 * Republic of Indian Stream (1832–1835)
 * Republic of Texas (1836–1845)
 * Flag of the Republic of Canada (variant).svg Republic of Canada (1837–1838)
 * Flag of Los Altos.svg State of Los Altos (1838–1840; 1848–1849)
 * Republic of Yucatán (1840–1843; 1846–1848)
 * Flag of the Dominican First Republic.svg First Dominican Republic (1844–1861)
 * California Republic (June–July 1846)
 * Bonnie Blue flag of the Confederate States of America.svg State of Deseret (1849–1850)
 * Flag of the Republic of Sonora.svg Republic of Sonora (15 October 1853 – 8 May 1854)
 * Confederate States of America (1860–1865)
 * Republic of Manitobah (1867–1869)
 * United States of Central America (1896–1898)
 * Republic of Entre Ríos (1820–1821)
 * Flag of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.svg Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)
 * Riograndense Republic (1836–1845)
 * Flag of Venezuela (1863–1905).svg United States of Venezuela (1864-1953)
 * Flag of the Republic of Independent Guyana (1887-1904).svg Republic of Independent Guiana (20 July 1886–1891)
 * Flag of Brazil (1889–1960).svg Republic of the United States of Brazil (1889-1930)
 * Republic of Ezo (1868–1869)
 * First Philippine Republic (1898–1901)
 * Septinsular Republic (1800–1815)
 * Republic of Genoa (1814–1815)
 * United States of the Ionian Islands (1815–1864)
 * Free City of Krakow (1815–1846)
 * Flag of Bremen.svg Free City of Bremen (1815–1871)
 * Flag of Hamburg.svg Free City of Hamburg (1815–1871)
 * Flag of the Free City of Lübeck.svg Free City of Lübeck (1815–1871)
 * Neutral Moresnet (1816–1920)
 * First Hellenic Republic (1828–1832)
 * 🇫🇷 Second French Republic (1848–1852)
 * Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune (1848–1861)
 * Roman Republic (February–April 1849)
 * 🇫🇷 Third French Republic (1871–1940)
 * First Spanish Republic (1873–1874)
 * Republic of Tamrash (1878–1886)
 * Republic of Hawai'i (1894–1898)
 * Tripolitanian Republic (16 November 1918–1922)
 * Confederal Republic of the Tribes of the Rif (18 September 1921 – 27 May 1926)
 * Republic of Tanganyika (9 December 1962 – 26 April 1964)
 * Flag of Zanzibar (January-April 1964).svg People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba (12 January 1964 – 26 April 1964)
 * Biafra (30 May 1967 – 15 January 1970)
 * Rhodesia (2 March 1970 – 11 December 1979)
 * Republic of Acre (1st: 15 July 1899 – 15 March 1900; 2nd: November 1900–24 December 1900 3rd: 27 January 1903 – 11 November 1903)
 * Flag of Brazil (1889–1960).svg First United States of Brazil (16 July 1934 – 29 October 1945)
 * Flag of Brazil (1889–1960).svg Second United States of Brazil (31 January 1946 – 31 March 1964)
 * State flag of Venezuela (1954–2006).svg Republic of Venezuela (11 April 1953 – 15 December 1999)
 * Flag of Anguilla (1967–1969).svg Republic of Anguilla (12 July 1967 – 19 March 1969)
 * Urjanchai Republic (1 December 1911 – 17 April 1914)
 * Flag of the Transcaucasian Federation.svg Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (22 April 1918 – 28 May 1918)
 * Democratic Republic of Armenia (28 May 1918 – 2 December 1920)
 * Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (28 May 1918 – 28 April 1920)
 * Flag of the South West Caucasian Republic.svg Kars Republic (1 December 1918 – 19 April 1919)
 * Flag of the Republic of Aras.svg Republic of Aras (December 1918 – Mid-June 1919)
 * Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1922).svg Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (28 April 1920 – 12 March 1922)
 * Flag of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922).svg Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (2 December 1920 – 12 March 1922)
 * Republic of Mountainous Armenia (26 April 1921 – 13 July 1921)
 * Tuvan People's Republic (14 August 1921 – 11 October 1944)
 * Mongolian People's Republic (24 November 1924 – 13 February 1992)
 * Commonwealth of the Philippines (15 November 1935 – 4 July 1946)
 * 🇵🇭 Second Philippine Republic (14 November 1943 – 11 June 1945)
 * 🇵🇭 Third Philippine Republic (4 July 1946 – 30 December 1965)
 * Republic of South Maluku (15 April 1950 – 12 April 1963)
 * 🇵🇭 Fourth Philippine Republic (30 December 1965–22/25 February 1986)
 * Flag of the Kruševo Republic.svg Kruševo Republic (3 August 1903 – 13 August 1903)
 * 🇵🇹 First Portuguese Republic (5 October 1910 – 26 May 1926)
 * Flag of TRWT.svg Independent Government of Western Thrace (31 August 1913 – 25 October 1913)
 * 🇺🇦 Ukrainian People's Republic (25 January 1917 – 29 April 1918; 14 December 1918–18 March 1921)
 * Flag of the Mountain Republic.svg Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (11 May 1917–January 1921)
 * Flag of Crimean People's Republic 1917.svg Crimean People's Republic (13 December 1917–January 1918)
 * Flag of the Moldavian Democratic Republic.svg Moldavian Democratic Republic (6 February 1918 – 10 December 1918)
 * Flag of Kuban People's Republic.svg Kuban People's Republic (16 February 1918 – 17 March 1920)
 * Flag of Belarus (1918, 1991–1995).svg Belarusian People's Republic (9 March 1918–1919)
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania (16 February 1918 – 3 August 1940)
 * 🇪🇪 Estonia (24 February 1918 – 6 August 1940)
 * Flag of Don Cossacks.svg Don Republic (18 May 1918–1920)
 * Democratic Republic of Georgia (26 May 1918 – 25 April 1921)
 * 🇵🇱 Commonwealth of Zakopane (13 October 1918 – 16 November 1918)
 * 🇺🇦 West Ukrainian People's Republic (18 October 1918 – 22 January 1919)
 * 🇺🇦 Komancza Republic (4 November 1918 – 24 January 1919)
 * POL Tarnobrzeg flag.svg Republic of Tarnobrzeg (6 November 1918–Spring 1919)
 * Flag of Bavaria (striped).svg People's State of Bavaria (8 November 1918 – 6 April 1919)
 * 🇦🇹 Republic of German-Austria (12 November 1918 – 10 September 1919)
 * 🇵🇱 Second Polish Republic (16 November 1918 – 6 October 1939)
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia (18 November 1918 – 5 August 1940)
 * First Czechoslovak Republic (28 October 1918 – 30 September 1938)
 * Прапор Лемко-Русинської Республіки.svg Lemko-Rusyn People's Republic (5 December 1918–March 1920)
 * 🇦🇹 First Austrian Republic (10 September 1919 – 1 May 1934)
 * Free State of Fiume (12 November 1920 – 22 February 1924)
 * Republic of Central Lithuania (12 October 1920 – 24 March 1922)
 * Free City of Danzig (15 November 1920 – 2 September 1939)
 * Flag of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1922).svg Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (25 February 1921 – 12 March 1922)
 * Second Hellenic Republic (1924–1935)
 * Catalan Republic (14 April 1931 – 17 April 1931)
 * 🇪🇸 Second Spanish Republic (de facto: 1931–1939; de jure: 1931–1975)
 * Second Czechoslovak Republic (30 September 1938 – 15 March 1939)
 * 🇺🇦 Carpatho-Ukraine (30 December 1938 – 18 March 1939)
 * 🇸🇰 Slovak State (14 March 1939 – 4 April 1945)
 * Republic of West Papua (1961–1963)


 * Republic of Ancona (c. 1000 – 1532)
 * Republic of Ragusa (1358–1808)


 * Saint-Malo (1590–1594)
 * Republic of Salé (1619–1668)
 * Corsican Republic (1755–1769)
 * Vermont Republic (1777–1791)
 * Republic of Graaff-Reinet (1795–1796)
 * Republic of Lucca (1799–1805)
 * Republic of Ragusa (1806–1808)
 * Flag of Spanish Haiti.svg Republic of Spanish Haiti (1821-1822)
 * Bandera de la Primera República Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos.svg First Mexican United States (1824-1835)
 * Bandera de la República Central Mexicana.svg Centralist Republic of Mexico (1835-1846)
 * Flag of Costa Rica (1842-1848).svg Free State of Costa Rica (1838-1847)
 * Flag of Honduras (1866-1898).svg Republic of Honduras (1838-1896)
 * Flag of Nicaragua (1858-1889 and 1893-1896).svg Republic of Nicaragua (1838-1896)
 * Flag of El Salvador (1875-1877).svg Republic of El Salvador (1841-1896)
 * Bandera de la Segunda República Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos.svg Second Mexican United States (1846-1863)
 * Flag of Costa Rica (1848-1906).svg First Costa Rican Republic (1848-1948)
 * Flag of the Republic of Lower California.svg Republic of Baja California (15 October 1853-January 1854)
 * Confederate States of America (1860–1865)
 * Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Second Dominican Republic (1865-1916)
 * Flag of Venezuela (1811).svg American Confederation of Venezuela (1811-1819)
 * Flag of Argentina (1818).svg United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (1816-1831)
 * Flag of the Gran Colombia.svg Republic of Gran Colombia (1819-1831)
 * Bandera de Guayaquil.svg Free Province of Guayaquil (1820-1829)
 * Republic of Tucumán (1820-1821)
 * Flag of Peru (1825-1950).svg Republic of Peru (1824-1836)
 * Flag of Alto Peru (1828-1829).svg Republic of Bolivia (1825-1836)
 * Flag of Venezuela (1830-1836).svg State of Venezuela (1830-1864)
 * Flag of the Argentine Confederation.svg Argentine Confederation (1831-1861)
 * Flag of New Granada.svg Republic of New Granada (1831-1858)
 * Flag of Peru (1825-1950).svg Republic of North Peru (1836)
 * Flag of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.svg Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)
 * Flag of Bolivia (state).svg Republic of Bolivia (1839-2009)
 * Flag of the State of Buenos Aires.svg State of Buenos Aires (1852-1861)
 * Flag of New Granada.svg Granadine Confederation (1858-1863)
 * Flag of Colombia.svg United States of Colombia (1863-1886)
 * Flag of Venezuela (1863–1905).svg United States of Venezuela (1864-1953)
 * Flag of the Republic of Independent Guyana (1887-1904).svg Republic of Independent Guiana (20 July 1886–1891)
 * Flag of Brazil (1889–1960).svg Republic of the United States of Brazil (1889-1930)
 * Republic of Biak-na-Bato (1897)
 * Wappen Gersau.svg Republic of Gersau (1814-1818)
 * 🇨🇭 Swiss Confederation (1814-1848)
 * Flag of the Free City of Frankfurt.svg Free City of Frankfurt (1816-1866)
 * First Hellenic Republic (1828–1832)
 * Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune (1848–1861)
 * Republic of San Marco (March 1848-August 1849)
 * Bahnmarke bleibt an Backbord liegen.svg Cantons of Alcoy, Algeciras, Alicante, Almansa, Andújar, Bailén, Béjar, Cadiz, Camuñas, Castellón, Córdoba, Granada, Gualchos, Huelva, Jaén, Jumilla, Loja, Málaga, Motril, Murcia, Orihuela, Plasencia, Salamanca, San Fernando, Sevilla, Tarifa, Torrevieja, Valencia (1873) and Cartagena (1873-1874)
 * Flag of Zanzibar (January-April 1964).svg People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba (12 January 1964 – 26 April 1964)
 * Transkei (26 October 1976 - 27 April 1994)
 * Bophuthatswana (6 December 1977 - 28 April 1994)
 * Venda (13 September 1979 - 28 April 1994)
 * Ciskei (4 December 1981 - 28 April 1994)
 * Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Third Dominican Republic (1924-12 July 1965)
 * Flag of the Republic of Aras.svg Republic of Aras (December 1918 – Mid-June 1919)
 * South Vietnam (26 October 1955 - 30 April 1975)
 * 🇦🇫 Afghanistan (since 1973-1992)
 * 🇦🇹 Republic of German-Austria (12 November 1918 – 10 September 1919)
 * Прапор Лемко-Русинської Республіки.svg Lemko-Rusyn People's Republic (5 December 1918–March 1920)
 * Second Hellenic Republic (1924–1935)
 * 🇺🇦 Carpatho-Ukraine (30 December 1938 – 18 March 1939)
 * 🇸🇰 Slovak State (14 March 1939 – 4 April 1945)

Free imperial cities
A free imperial city was a self-ruling city member of the Holy Roman Empire that was represented in the Imperial Diet.

German mediatisation - 1803 Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire - 1806 - Napoleon

Some conquered earlier.

Oligarchic, maybe some semi-enfranchised.


 * DEU Worms COA.svg Free Imperial City of Worms (c. 11th century-1789)
 * Wappen Goslar.svg Free Imperial City of Goslar (1081-1802)
 * (1166-1801)
 * Greater Coat of Arms of Free Imperial City of Besançon.svg Free Imperial City of Besançon (1184-1654)
 * (1189-1806;)
 * Wappen Konstanz.svg Free Imperial City of Konstanz (1192-1548)
 * Wappen Wetzlar.svg Free Imperial City of Wetzlar (c. 12th century-1803)
 * DEU Friedberg (Hessen) COA.svg Free Imperial City of Friedberg (1211-1806)
 * Wappen Noerdlingen.svg Free Imperial City of Nördlingen (1215-1803)
 * DEU Nürnberg COA (klein).svg Free Imperial City of Nuremberg (1219-1806)
 * Wappenschild der Stadt Nordhausen.svg Free Imperial City of Nordhausen (1220-1802)
 * Wappen Pfullendorf.svg Free Imperial City of Pfullendorf (1220-1803)
 * CoA Rheinfelden, Aargau.svg Free Imperial City of Rheinfelden (1225-1330)
 * Image-Blason Colmar 68.svg Free Imperial City of Colmar (1226-1679)
 * DEU Esslingen am Neckar COA.svg Free Imperial City of Esslingen (1229-1802/3)
 * Wappen Stadt Reutlingen.svg Free Imperial City of Reutlingen (1240-1803)
 * DEU Bopfingen COA.svg Free Imperial City of Bopfingen (1241-1802)
 * Mainz Arms.svg Free Imperial City of Mainz (1241-1462)
 * Wappen Regensburg.svg Free Imperial City of Regensburg (1245-1486; 1496–1803)
 * DEU Schweinfurt COA.svg Free Imperial City of Schweinfurt (1245-1803)
 * Wappen von Bad Windsheim.svg Free Imperial City of Windsheim (1248-1802)
 * Esc Muehlhausen-Thueringen.png Free Imperial City of Mühlhausen (1251-1803)
 * FRA Strasbourg (lesser arms) COA.svg Free Imperial City of Strasbourg (1262-1681)
 * Wappen Memmingen.svg Free Imperial City of Memmigen (1268-1802)
 * Wappen Rottweil.svg Free Imperial City of Rottweil (1268-1802)
 * DEU Überlingen COA.svg Free Imperial City of Überlingen (1268-1803)
 * Schwäbisch Gmünd Wappen.svg Free Imperial City of Gmünd (1268-1802)
 * Wappen von Rothenburg ob der Tauber.svg Free Imperial City of Rothenburg (1274-1803)
 * Wappen Friedrichshafen.svg Free Imperial City of Buchhorn (1275-1803)
 * DEU Lindau COA.svg Free Imperial City of Lindau (1275-1802)
 * Coat of Arms of Weil der Stadt.svg Free Imperial City of Weil (1275-1803)
 * DEU Augsburg COA.svg Free Imperial City of Augsburg (1276-1803)
 * Wappen Ravensburg.svg Free Imperial City of Ravensburg (1276-1803)
 * Wappen Schwaebisch Hall.svg Free Imperial City of Hall (1280-1802)
 * Wappen Biberach.svg Free Imperial City of Biberach an der Riß (1281-1803)
 * DEU Kaufbeuren COA.svg Free Imperial City of Kaufbeuren (1286-1803)
 * Wappen Wangen im Allgäu.svg Free Imperial City of Wangen (1286-1802)
 * Wappen Koeln.svg Free Imperial City of Cologne (1288-1801)
 * DEU Kempten (Allgäu) COA.svg Free Imperial City of Kempten (1289-1802/3)
 * Coat of arms of Dortmund.svg Free Imperial City of Dortmund (1293-1803)
 * DEU Leutkirch im Allgäu COA.svg Free Imperial City of Leutkirch (1293-1803)
 * DEU Speyer COA.svg Free Imperial City of Speyer (1294-1792)
 * DEU Weißenburg COA.svg Free Imperial City of Weißenburg (1296-1802)
 * DEU Zell am Harmersbach COA.svg Free Imperial City of Zell am Harmersbach (c. 14th century-1803)
 * Wappen von Donauwörth.svg Free Imperial City of Donauwörth (1308-1607)
 * Wappen von Dinkelsbühl.svg Free Imperial City of Dinkelsbühl (1351-1802)
 * Coa Aalen.svg Free Imperial City of Aalen (1360-1803)
 * DEU Gengenbach COA.svg Free Imperial City of Gengenbach (1360-1803)
 * Wappen Isny.svg Free Imperial City of Isny (1365-1803)
 * Wappen Heilbronn.svg Free Imperial City of Heilbronn (1371-1802)
 * Wappen Frankfurt am Main.svg Free Imperial City of Frankfurt (1372-1806)
 * Wappen Giengen an der Brenz.svg Free Imperial City of Giengen (1391-1803)
 * Diessenhofen-blazon.svg Free Imperial City of Diessenhofen (1415-1460)
 * Soest-coa.svg Free Imperial City of Soest (1449-1616)

=Formation of monarchy=


 * Monarchy
 * Tsardom of Russia

Formation
Monarchies may form in a number of different ways, including:


 * Conquest of neighboring lands by someone with wealth or military power
 * Coup d'état or civil war overthrowing a government where multiple people shared power

Maintenance
When a monarch dies, there are a few systems in current use to select the next one:
 * Hereditary monarchy
 * Elective monarchy
 * Ex officio - by virtue of holding a different office

In constitutional monarchies, there may be an elected parliament with the power to determine the monarch or possibly to abolish the monarchy.

By conquest

 * Monarchy of the United Kingdom
 * England - Unified under Alfred the Great of the House of Wessex. His distant relatives still rule, though the monarchy was interrupted by invasions by the House of Denmark, and the Interregnum (1649-1660). Which particular family members inherited the throne was influenced by wealthy nobiles, parliament, and military force (most notably the Norman conquest of England by William the Conqueror).
 * Wales - somewhat united and sworn loyalty to England by Llywelyn the Great in 1216; Conquest of Wales by Edward I 1277-1283 results in Statute of Rhuddlan which annexes Wales to England; notional Principality of Wales absorbed into the Kingdom of England by Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 into the jurisdiction known as England and Wales
 * Scotland - Unified under Kenneth MacAlpin, various dynasties, interruptions in monarchy (Guardians of Scotland); Union of the Crowns with England by personal union in 1603
 * Northern Ireland - Partition of Ireland came after the Norman invasion of Ireland, Lordship of Ireland, and Kingdom of Ireland
 * King of Bahrain
 * Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain under Ahmed ibn Muhammad ibn Khalifa, hereditary since then

Derived from the British monarchy
The United Kingdom colonized many territories around the world over its long history. Starting with the United States in 1776, some obtained independence and became republics without a monarch. 15 Commonwealth realms share the same person as monarch with the United Kingdom because their monarchies branched off from the British monarchy. The Statute of Westminster 1931 established that Dominions were legislatively independent and have independent monarchies, but also established the convention that any changes to the rules of inheritance must be agreed among all the dominions. These arrangements have been upheld in the formation and maintenance of the constitutions of the current realms, and in the Perth Agreement changes, which came into effect in all realms in 2015. Brunei, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malaysia, Tonga have chosen monarchs unrelated to the United Kingdom.

By invitation

 * Monarchy of Belgium
 * National Congress of Belgium after going through several candidates successfully invited a German prince to become Leopold I of Belgium; hereditary since then.

By election

 * Monarchy of Cambodia
 * As part of the settlement of the Cambodian Civil War, the Cambodia Constituent Assembly decided to create a ceremonial, elected monarchy. The political and religious leaders on the Royal Council of the Throne choose kings from the bloodlines which had held a hereditary monarchy until the Cambodian coup of 1970 declared a republic. The monarchy had originally been established through conquest.
 * Holy See
 * The Pope is both the leader of the Roman Catholic Church and the monarch of Vatican City, a theocracy created in 1929 by the Lateran Treaty. He is elected for life by the College of Cardinals, usually from their own group. The apostolic see of Rome, according to Catholic tradition, was founded by Christian apostles Paul and Peter.  Papal primacy was not recognized by all Christians, and this issue resulted in schisms. Previously a private but influential property owner, the Pope gathered civic authority in the Duchy of Rome, which had been create by conquest of the Byzantine Empire. After the military defeat of the Byzantines, the Donation of Pepin created the much larger Papal States in 756, which expanded and contracted and were eventually lost by conquest of the Kingdom of Italy.
 * O le Ao o le Malo
 * It is unclear whether the head of state of Samoa is an elected monarch or the mostly ceremonial elected head of a republic. The office was established by the Westminster-style 1960 Constitution of Samoa which came into effect with its independence from New Zealand.

In exchange for land and military aid
Co-Princes of Andorra reign in an unusual arrangement, sharing power between Bishop of Urgell and President of France, both of whom serve ex officio.

Tradition holds that Charlemagne created Andorra as a principality within the Frankish Carolingian Empire, in return for supplying troops to fight the Moors of the al-Andalus caliphate. Andorra was in the Marca Hispanica, a border region between the two, and the Count of Urgell was designated overlord by Charles the Bald, Charlemagne's grandson. In 988, a descendant count, Borrell II, transferred Andorra to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell (which includes Andorra and part of modern Spain) in exchange for church land in Cerdanya, making the bishop the ex officio prince.

In 1095, the bishop requested military assistance (against the Count of Urgell) from the Lord of Caboet, in return signing a declaration of co-sovereignty. The right of co-sovereignty passed through marriage and inheritance through the Count of Foix, the kings of Navarre, and then the King of France when King Henry III of Navarre became King Henry IV of France. The French head of state, including kings, emperors, and presidents, has held the position since, with a few interruptions.

The co-sovereignty arrangement was affirmed by Paréage of Andorra 1278, a 1607 edict from Henry IV, and the 1993 Constitution of Andorra approved by popular vote. It was interrupted several times:
 * Brief annexations to the Crown of Aragon in 1396 and 1512.
 * Renouncement of the French claim by the French First Republic in 1793 until restoration by Napoleon in 1806.
 * Annexation with Catalonia to the First French Empire under Napoleon, reversed by the King Louis XVIII of France in 1814.

Moved here

 * Poverty, Extreme poverty, Poverty threshold, Talk:Poverty threshold -> archiving
 * Technological revolution
 * Knowledge economy
 * Prosify government to better discuss civilian control of the military and other issues outside the form of government. Merge with political system?
 * Automate updates to WikiProject Countering systemic bias open tasks, using Template:CSBArticles?
 * WikiProject History of Science
 * Article assessment, e.g.: http://toolserver.org/~enwp10/bin/table.fcgi?project=Bus_transport
 * Keirsey Temperament Sorter may need merge from the four temperament articles?
 * Private spaceflight
 * Talk:Medication costs
 * Homemaking and Housekeeping
 * Magic (supernatural)
 * Other (philosophy)
 * Social Credit System

=Photos=

MBTA Pictures
Hey i just read your profile and saw that you arw willing to take pictures arround boston. I am currently working on the List of MBTA subway stations, I'm trying to get it to featured list status, and have realized that most stations either do not have a picture or have a bad one. If you have time and find yourself walking past a T stop, could you snap a picture and add it to the stops page? That would help alot. Thanks in advance!--Found5dollar (talk) 15:35, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

=Bot/analysis=

To update

 * Neglected articles
 * WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Criteria/Current
 * Most wanted stubs help requested by Casliber, June 2013
 * Templates with red links, help requested by BD2412, June 2019

Perl script to separate red and blue links for WP:MEA
I am currently looking for help (a perl script) to parse and separate red and blue links for various lists at Missing encyclopedic articles. I have made a request at Computer_help_desk, but it has languished for over a week. There was a script that does some of what we need it to do developed by Avar, but it only works on a few of the many lists we are currently working on. Specifically I'm looking for something that would separate and sort a list like this:


 * 1) Link 1 External search for link 1 Comment about link 1 with link to another article]
 * Nested comment about link
 * Second nested comment
 * Wrongly nested comment
 * 1) Link2 Notice space has been removed
 * 2) Link3] Malformed links with [malformed link


 * 1) Link4 Renumbering because of space
 * 2) Link 5
 * 3) Link 6

into a list like this

Red links Blue links
 * 1) Link2 Notice space has been removed
 * 2) Link3] Malformed links with [malformed link
 * 3) Link4 Renumbering because of space
 * 1) Link 1 External search for link 1 Comment about link 1 with link to another article]
 * Nested comment about link
 * Second nested comment
 * Wrongly Fixed nested comment
 * 1) Link 5
 * 2) Link 6

This is a worst case example. The current script works well, but it evaluates link by link, not line by line and so [|any comments] about the link would be removed.

See separting reds and blues for more comments.

Your help would be greatly appreciated. --Reflex Reaction (talk)&bull; 22:00, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Yet another analysis project that screams "Beland!"
Hi - I've proposed a wikipedia wide project to find and eliminate instances within infobox-style templates of the anti-accessible technique of creating multiple visual rows withn a single row by embedding matching HTML breaks in two (or more) adjacent columns in a table, please see Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Usability. So far, no one has signed up or in any way acknowledged that this is a problem worth pursuing (screw them blind folks - who needs em!). In any event, if you could whip up a little analysis program to find likely instances (difficult to be exact, but perhaps references to templates with multiple parameters whose values include an HTML break - being exact requires either looking at the rendered HTML or interpreting the template) it might help folks realize the magnitude of the problem. I'm pretty sure this is very widespread, and I've verified with a blind wikipedia user that it is a problem. If you could help, I'd appreciate it. -- Rick Block (talk) 04:13, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I've moved the description of the problem to WikiProject Usability/Infobox accessibility and started a list of likely templates for manual checking (geographical infoboxes). -- Rick Block (talk) 03:13, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Translation
Hello,

I'm currently renovating the old Translation into English. I'm on the way of porting what I've done for fr:Projet:Traduction (it's not 100% translated yet, but don't worry)

I came accross Community Portal/Opentask and noticed that it fit perfectly with what I intend to do. Could we add a new task for User:Pearle :


 * Name : Translation Requests
 * Content scan Category:Translation Request (or Category:Translation_sub-pages)

Send me an email if you need any information.

Jmfayard 11:21, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

New (hopefully simple request
I've noticed lots of instances where people leave out spaces after links, parenthesis, and formatting syntax - e.g. they will write things like: It was a largecreature(possibly a dinosauror a giant wombat)which lived in the cavernof woe.

Can you pull together a page of all instances in article space of:
 * 1) A text character followed immediately by an open parens or bracket: x( or x[
 * 2) A close parens followed immediately by a text character: )x
 * 3) A text character followed immediately by italic or bolding syntax, which is in turn followed immediately by another text character: xx or x'x

Drop me a line and let me know.

Cheers! bd2412 T 23:06, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

Pearle action request
Hopefully I'm doing this right :) Can you use your Pearle bot to automatically put all of the articles in List of ADV releases into the category Category:ADV Films, and the ones in the list of licensed titles at Geneon into the category Category:Geneon? The Anime and manga project wants to get these lists into categories for better management, but not to many people are eager to manually tackle the categorizing. :P Collectonian (talk) 06:44, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

= Status of Wikireason -- other projects =

Hi Beland. Wikireason is "in hibernation" due to lack of participation. I've been offering advice to the admin of Chains of Reason, which seems to have similar goals to Wikireason and I think has a better chance of developing a sustainable community. If you are still interested, please check it out. You may also be interested in Debateopedia--which is more focused on documenting public debates, and less focused on developing logical arguments. AdamRetchless 02:16, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

=From 2006=

Short-term
Quite urgent now:
 * Wikipedia talk:Community Portal - Spawning help and absorbing news - esp. Help portal
 * Wikipedia_talk:Bots
 * Proposed Iraqi constitution
 * User talk:Beland requests!
 * Recentchanges
 * WikiProject Usability/Main Page
 * Wikipedia talk:Cleanup

Disputes:
 * Talk:Offensive jihad
 * Talk:Defensive jihad
 * Talk:Rules of war in Islam
 * Talk:Jihad, Jihad/draft
 * List of terrorist organisations, Talk:List of terrorist organisations

Purge progress:
 * Bot_requests
 * Wikipedia_talk:Bots

Image deletion:
 * Bot_requests
 * Wikipedia_talk:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion
 * Administrators%27_noticeboard
 * User_talk:Jimbo_Wales
 * Village_pump_%28assistance%29

REPORTS:
 * Wikipedia talk:Maintenance collaboration of the week
 * Bad links
 * Wikipedia_talk:Cleanup
 * Maintenance
 * Template:Active Wiki Fixup Projects
 * http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Toolserver#People
 * Wikipedia_talk:Neglected_articles

Ongoing
Watchlist checked through: end of 31 Jan 2005


 * Miscellany for deletion (underattended)
 * Pearle
 * User talk:Pearle
 * Category:Articles to check for link ordering
 * Category:Pearle edits needing manual cleanup
 * Toolserver (stuff to be uploaded there)
 * LGBT notice board, WikiProject Sexology and sexuality
 * Requests for comment/Religion and philosophy
 * News: Wikipedia_Signpost
 * Categories for deletion (for bot tasks)
 * Wikipedia talk:Bots (for proposals)
 * Maintenance collaboration of the week
 * Template_talk:Opentask (daily updates)
 * Category:Wikipedia cleanup (talk) (regular refiling)

Censorship watch

 * Choosing appropriate illustrations
 * WikiProject Wikipedians against censorship
 * WikiProject Wikipedians for encyclopedic merit (formerly "Wikipedians for Decency")
 * WikiProject Wikipedians for encyclopedic merit/Working standard for encyclopedic merit of images
 * Toby
 * Protected pages
 * Protected page
 * Requests for page protection
 * Watch for comments on page protection/unprotection, unprotect any pages that no longer need to be protected

Meta cleanup

 * Merge Substub into Stub.
 * Category talk:Ireland
 * Check up on Boilerplate text
 * Links to disambiguating pages and Multiple-place names must die!
 * Category schemes

Top priority cleanup
Meta discussions:
 * Wikipedia talk:Cleanup process
 * Wikipedia_talk:Pages_needing_attention
 * User talk:Jekoko/Cleanup links
 * WikiProject Wikipedia Namespace
 * Wikipedia talk:Categorization/Gender, race and sexuality

Meta cleanup:
 * Cleanup Taskforce/Members, then Cleanup Taskforce
 * LGBT_notice_board/Archive_1
 * Votes_for_deletion/Homosexuality_and_morality
 * Wikipedia_talk:Duplicate_articles
 * Cleaning_department needs dusting off
 * List of reports that might need updating (make table with last known update). (See Maintenance.)
 * Shouldn't Template:MainPageIntro use Template:Categorybrowsebar?

Content:
 * Talk:Separation_of_powers

West Springfield/Pioneer Valley History

 * Obtained source materials
 * Extract and summarize
 * Post full text of non-copyrighted content?
 * Massachusetts
 * Pioneer Valley
 * West Springfield, Massachusetts
 * Springfield, Massachusetts

Misc.

 * Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Ethnic_groups
 * Talk:Court-packing Bill (Fix effects section)
 * Separation of church and state (external links, Article Improvement Drive)
 * Corporate farming (fix NPOV)
 * Rural sociology, Demographic history of the United States (fix NPOV)

Journalism

 * Talk:Infotainment (listed on WP:RFC)
 * Journalistic ethics and standards, Category:Regional Wikipedian notice boards
 * Objectivity (journalism) (needs help)
 * Talk:Journalistic standards and ethics

Cities

 * WikiProject_Cities
 * Need to start implementing proposal
 * Need to check if recommended categorization scheme has been implemented.
 * Intro texts do not conform to the recommendation. A bot should check all articles in a given category to see if the right phrase and/or links are present.
 * Wisconsin towns (townships) are confusing (e.g. Springfield, Wisconsin).
 * See Category_talk:Towns_in_Maryland?
 * Need to clean up talk page, esp "weird cases" or later
 * Need to update status section on main page.
 * Need to update status of mapping project
 * Template:CDPpreface, Template:UnincorpNotCDP
 * city-data.com

Sexuality
(See bookmarks, as well.)
 * Homophobia cleanup
 * Demographics of sexual orientation and Kinsey Reports cleanup and fact-check.
 * Talk:History of human sexuality
 * 
 * Talk:Sex_in_advertising
 * Talk:Pederasty


 * http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/The_Swiss_vote_yes_to_same-sex_relationships_and_%22Schengen/Dublin%22
 * Gender role needs POV check.
 * History of sexuality and Demographics of sexual orientation need attention. May need to merge from Anthropological classification of homosexuality.
 * Improve homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality, Homosexuality and transgender and sexual orientation with regard to terminology and orientation/behavior/identity considerations.
 * Improve Genetics and sexual orientation, esp. terminology in twin studies
 * Refactor Causes_of_sexual_orientation in Sexual orientation w.r.t. genetic and environmental/choice subarticles. Talk:Causes_of_sexual_orientation suggests science/society not gene/environment split.
 * Also sync homosexuality and morality
 * Add something like the following to nature versus nurture debate and/or sexual orientation. Or maybe make a "multi-determined" article.
 * Multi-determination: A car owner notices the check engine light on their dashboard is on, but continues driving for 3 days. On the highway, the engine suddenly fails.  A second car that has been tailgating crashes into the first one.  A nearby philosopher asks whether the cause of the accident was the way the car was built, or the way it was operated by the owner.  In fact, if the car had been built differently, operated differently, or followed differently, the accident would not have happened.  The accident is "multi-determined". Cite that STS book.


 * Reconcile WikiProject_Sexology_and_Sexuality/Terminology with Avoiding Heterosexual Bias in Language.
 * Homosexuality, Heterosexuality, and Sexual_orientation, and Anthropological classification of homosexuality need to be re-synchronized.
 * All sexology articles need their See Also sections cleaned, especially converion to categories where needed.

Update once per DB dump
(It's been a long time - see Wikipedia talk:Database download)


 * Category:Wikipedia categories in need of attention
 * new-funny-categories.txt
 * Category:Orphaned categories
 * new-orphaned-categories.txt
 * Auto-categorization (USA state placenames)
 * Add suppression feature before uploading next dump

First

 * See Wikipedia talk:Browse (navigational templates)
 * WikiProject Countering systemic bias open tasks needs a refresh and overhaul

Mergers

 * Topical index needs to be converted into category listings, reconciled with templates on User:Beland and Community portal.
 * Maintenance needs cleanup and updating. Is it in the most easily maintainable form?  Is it redundant with Category:Wikipedia maintenance or any other pages?  Templates?  What maintenance pages should Community Portal and Template:Opentask point to?
 * Wikipedia_talk:Welcoming_committee - Some pages in Category:Wikipedia basic information could use merging.
 * Category:Wikipedia needs cleaning again. Combine things about protected pages.

Avoidance mergers

 * Upgrade Be cautious with compliments and mass attribution and form consensus
 * Avoid weasel terms -> Be cautious with compliments and mass attribution
 * Avoid peacock terms -> Be cautious with compliments and mass attribution
 * Be cautious with compliments and mass attribution -> Guide to writing better articles (or at least summarize it there)
 * Update Words to avoid

Talk mergers

 * Wikipedia talk:Writers' rules of engagement -> Wikiquette
 * Wikipedia talk:Talk page guidelines -> Wikiquette, Talk page

Categorization

 * Category:Wikipedia categories in need of attention
 * Needs publicity or attention from Beland


 * WP:CFD
 * Periodic cleanup, especially requests for automated moves
 * Categories for deletion/likely is in cold storage.
 * AMERICA
 * Summarize decisions on Category talk:Ireland and see also Irish wikipedian's notice board
 * Clean up policy on WP:CFD and Categories_for_deletion_phrases and their talk pages.
 * Post gender-neutral nominations from Wikipedia talk:Categorization of people.


 * Auto-categorization/Wikipedia_namespace
 * Needs publicity. Add to current categorization projects, maybe make an announcement.  See what currently links to the parent page.  Update. Re-add to Template:Active Wiki Fixup Projects.
 * User:Sietse_Snel/Fix_common_mistakes


 * Coordinate bugs on Categorization with Merge some redundant lists to categories.
 * Wikipedia talk:Categories, lists, and series boxes
 * Clean Category_schemes
 * Clean Category:Wikipedia proposals
 * Post to WikiProject Categories
 * Tidy Wikipedia talk:Categorization and Categorization

More

 * Feature request needs to be converted into bugzilla requests
 * Category:Cleanup by month needs June-September 2005 converted to tag-and-talk
 * Wikipedia talk:Pages needing attention
 * Bot requests
 * WikiProject help desk is cute.
 * WikiProject U.S. special districts
 * Wikipedia talk:Copyright problems
 * Editable version of Special:Ancientpages, including Wikipedia: space?
 * Protected page - Some things there could probably be unprotected.

Postmodernity

 * Postmodernity
 * Postmodernism
 * Modernism

Some of the antecedents of postmodernism are missing from modernism. The postmodern articles are too long and very hard to read.

Science

 * Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (chemistry)
 * Category:Atmosphere, Category:Weather, Category:Meteorology, and Category:Climatology need sorting out
 * Homeopathy
 * SEPP
 * History of science has growing pains
 * Time could use a rewrite to make it flow better
 * Timeline of scientific discoveries and Category:Science timelines
 * Science_studies needs a lot of help. It may need a Wikibook project.
 * Sociology of scientific knowledge
 * Scientific enterprise
 * Sociology_of_knowledge
 * History_of_science_and_technology - may need inbound links fixed
 * Peer-review Scientific_method and read Talk:Scientific_method. Possible merge with Scientific enterprise, Scientific hypothesis
 * Scientific_skepticism: Categorize, check for accuracy, NPOV. Add to official list of Controversial topics?
 * WikiProject_Science
 * Check Science
 * History of parapsychology - needs NPOV, cleanup
 * Talk:Obsolete_scientific_theory
 * Elminate "fluid" metaphor from Electromagnetic field
 * E, B -> EMF -> EW -> QED -> Standard Model
 * Electromagnetic field should say it's part of electroweak theory and is special relativity-compliant.
 * Electric_field should say that it's part of EM/electroweak theory/standard
 * See Talk:Photon
 * Contact electrification - relationship to other articles?
 * See Talk:Standard Model
 * Electromagnetic field, Electroweak force, Fundamental interaction, SU(3)XSU(2)XU(1), Standard_Model
 * E, B -> EMF -> EW -> QED -> Standard Model
 * Global System for Mobile Communications, GSM core network, and related
 * Three-phase electric power (hard to understand)
 * Civilization
 * Temperature (intro could be more public-friendly)
 * Negative temperature - Ow.
 * Decimal_time
 * National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration
 * Gravitational_radiation
 * Thermopower
 * Peltier-Seebeck_effect

Religion

 * Atheism needs rounding out after it is un-protected.
 * Arguments_against_the_existence_of_God and Arguments for the existence of God might be fun to edit.
 * WikiProject_Bible

Politics

 * Peer review UN Reform and later sections of United Nations, possibly organize its talk page
 * Check up on Capitalism
 * American imperialism
 * Colossus: The Price of America's Empire by Niall Ferguson
 * Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power by Niall Ferguson
 * Note that many modern Americans reject the label "empire/imperialism".
 * Abbreviations and Acronyms of the U.S. Government
 * Address todo list on Progressivism
 * Clinton v. City of New York
 * Bill Clinton
 * Civil_disobedience / Direct_action
 * http://www.nonviolence.org/issues/

Supreme Court History project

 * Reading book on history of the Supreme Court
 * May also need to check out the Supreme Court "encyclopedia" book
 * Related articles to fix:
 * Corporate personhood
 * List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States
 * Reconstruction
 * Dred_Scott_v._Sandford
 * List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases
 * Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States
 * United States Constitution
 * Dormant_Commerce_Clause
 * Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution, etc.
 * See Lawrence_v._Texas
 * Write an article on the Charles River Bridge case, find out more about the history of Charles River crossings.
 * Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine praevia lege poenali

Fun backlogs

 * COI edit requests