User:Bella2021gg/sandbox

Global Policy for Human Germline Engineering
There is distinction in some country policies, including but not limited to regulation and legislation, between human germline engineering for reproductive use and for laboratory research. As of October 2020, there are 96 countries that have policies involving the use of germline engineering in human cells.

Global Policies for Reproductive Use
Reproductive use of human germline engineering involves implanting the edited embryo to be born. 70 countries currently explicity prohibit the use of human germline engineering for use in reproduction, while 5 countries prohibit it for reproduction with exceptions. No countries permit the use of human germline engineering for reproduction.

Countries that explicitly prohibit any use of human germline engineering for reproduction are: Albania, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Canada, Chile, China, Congo, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Kenya, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uruguay, Vatican

Countries that explicity prohibit (with exceptions) the use of human germline engineering for reproduction are: Belgium, Colombia, Italy, Panama, United Arab Emirates

Global Policies for Laboratory Research
Laboratory research use involves human germline engineering restricted to in vitro use, where edited cells will not be implanted to be born. 19 countries currently explicity prohibit any use of human germline engineering for in vitro use, while 4 prohibit it with exceptions, and 11 permit it.

Countries that explicitly prohibit any use of germline engineering for in vitro use are: Albania, Austria, Bahrain, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Croatia, Germany, Greece, Lebanon, Malaysia, Malta, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Switzerland, Uruguay, Vatican

Countries that explicitly prohibit (with exceptions) the use of germline engineering for in vitro use are: Colombia, Finland, Italy, Panama

Countries that explicitly permit the use of germline engineering for in vitro use are: Burundi, China, Congo, India, Iran, Ireland, Japan, Norway, Thailand, the United Kingdom, the United States

Ideas for Human Germline Engineering

remove subjective terms: sparked, much, significant


 * This article is lengthy already, however I believe it could use more sources that are within the past 3 years, including some sources I used for my Project 2 that I got off of Web of Science.
 * More information on germline editing of other animals other than humans can be used to compare to possible effects of human germline editing.
 * I think the article should have a section on global policy, as the limited global policy is mixed into a "current state of research" heading. Many countries have outlawed the practice and therefor stunted research, and the specifics could be beneficial. Other countries have not explicitly outlawed the practice, leading to gray areas where experimentation could possibly be conducted.
 * There are no images, which could be a good addition, especially for showing global policy or how CRISPR can be used to edit human germline cells.
 * The writing is fairly easy to follow and seems like it has adequate understandability, so I will reflect that in my writing.

- current sources of policy are from 2014-2016, use

Marchant, G. E. (2021). Global Governance of Human Genome Editing: What Are the Rules? Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vol 22, 2021. A. Chakravarti and E. D. Green. 22: 385-405.

- paragraph on designer babies can be added that non-therapeutic changes are a gray area and not defined, use

(1) Greene, M. and Z. Master (2018). "Ethical Issues of Using CRISPR Technologies for Research on Military Enhancement." Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 15(3): 327-335.

- include precautionary principle in ethics debate seciton, use

Greene, M., & Master, Z. (2018). Ethical Issues of Using CRISPR Technologies for Research on Military Enhancement. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 15(3), 327-335. doi:10.1007/s11673-018- 9865-6

- add section on non-human CRISPR germline editing that may show how it will work on humans, use

Li, R. Q., et al. (2020). "Precise editing of myostatin signal peptide by CRISPR/Cas9 increases the muscle mass of Liang Guang Small Spotted pigs." Transgenic Research 29(1): 149-163.