User:Benjah-bmm27/degree/2/DMS

"Chemical Interactions": Web Book

Electrostatics

 * Coulomb's law: $$F = \frac{q_1q_2}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r^2}$$
 * Permittivity $$\epsilon$$, vacuum permittivity $$\epsilon_0$$, relative permittivity $$\epsilon_R$$
 * $$\epsilon = \epsilon_0 \epsilon_R $$
 * When in a medium other than vacuum, Coulomb's law becomes $$F = \frac{q_1q_2}{4 \pi \epsilon r^2}$$, that is $$F = \frac{q_1q_2}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 \epsilon_R r^2}$$
 * Lennard-Jones potential

Equations of state

 * Ideal gas
 * Perfect gas
 * Van der Waals equation of state
 * reduced variables, e.g. reduced temperature and reduced pressure

Phase equilibria

 * Gibbs' phase rule:
 * $$\ F = C - P + 2$$
 * $$\ C = N - R$$
 * F: number of degrees of freedom of the system
 * P: number of phases present
 * C: number of independent components present
 * N: number of constituents present
 * R: number of constraints (e.g. constraint of mass balance)


 * Phase equilibria
 * Phase diagram
 * Freezing-point depression
 * Boiling-point elevation
 * Triple point: temperature and pressure at which three phases of a substance (e.g. gas, liquid, and solid) coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium
 * For water, Ttp = 273.16 K


 * Consolute point: on temp-comp phase diagrams, point at which distinction between co-existent phases vanishes - unlike a critical pt in that a phase change does occur
 * IUPAC definition, Wiktionary definition
 * The mass of a molecule is not the reason for its volatility
 * Lever rule

Properties of mixtures

 * Distillation, including fractional distillation
 * Raoult's law
 * Henry's law
 * Azeotropes
 * Ethanol purification