User:Benjah-bmm27/degree/3/MCG

=Carbohydrates, MCG=

Important functions and applications

 * Salicin and its derivative, aspirin: Jmol
 * Heparin and related anticoagulants: low molecular weight heparin, fondaparinux, idraparinux
 * ABO blood group system

Common sugars

 * Glucose: Jmol models from the crystal structures of both the α and β anomers.
 * N-Acetylglucosamine
 * Galactose
 * N-Acetylgalactosamine
 * Mannose
 * Fucose — the only sugar that naturally occurs as the L -enantiomer
 * Fructose

Hemiacetals and mutarotation

 * Hemiacetal formation
 * alcohol + aldehyde → hemiacetal
 * acid promotes forward reaction, base promotes reverse
 * new chiral centre formed
 * In monosaccharides, the new chiral centre is called the anomeric carbon


 * Mutarotation of hemiacetals
 * α and β anomers of monosaccharides interconvert
 * α hemiacetal → aldehyde + alcohol → β hemiacetal
 * In solution, glucose is:
 * 36 % α- D -glucopyranose
 * 63 % β- D -glucopyranose
 * 0.003 % open chain aldehyde
 * negligible proportions exist as α- D -glucofuranose and β- D -glucofuranose

Ring conformation

 * For glucose, 4C1 conformation preferred to 1C4 as the former has all equatorial groups, latter has all axial

Anomeric effect

 * Anomeric effect

Protecting groups

 * Protecting group

For alcohols

 * Esters
 * Acetates - but beware acetates 'walking' around the ring
 * Benzoates
 * Ethers
 * Benzyl
 * Methoxymethyl

Glycosylation reactions

 * Glycosylation