User:Benjah-bmm27/degree/hps

=History and philosophy of science=

Relevant general philosophy

 * Philosophy:
 * Argument, logic, logical consequences
 * Reasoning
 * Deductive reasoning &mdash; deductive fallacies, e.g. ecological fallacy (unreasonable application of population statistics to an individual)
 * Inductive reasoning &mdash; the problem of induction, inductive fallacies e.g. argument from authority
 * Supervenience

History of science

 * History of science:
 * History of chemistry: timeline of chemistry; structural theory, history of molecular theory, history of the periodic table, Chemical Revolution, alchemy
 * History of materials science

Philosophy of science

 * Philosophy of science: science, natural sciences, physical sciences, philosophy of physics, philosophy of chemistry

Scientific method

 * Scientific method:
 * Experiment: empirical method, empirical research, empiricism
 * Theory: conjecture, hypothesis, data analysis, scientific theory, mathematical model, dependent and independent variables, statistical model, scientific modelling
 * Design of experiments: alternative hypothesis, null hypothesis, working hypothesis, experimental techniques, scientific control, controlling for a variable, factorial experiments
 * Experimental errors: confounding variables, spurious relationship, Type I and type II errors, confirmation bias, systemic bias, experimenter's bias, observational error, systematic bias, systematic error, experimental uncertainty analysis
 * Analysis of results: statistical significance, the principle of parsimony in science, Occam's razor, instrumentalism, pragmatism in science

Models of scientific inquiry

 * Models of scientific inquiry
 * Demarcation problem (what is and what isn't science?)
 * 1543-1700: Scientific revolution
 * 1900-1950: Logical positivism
 * 1930s: Falsifiability (Popper)
 * 1962: Paradigm shifts vs. normal science (Kuhn)
 * Strong inference: J. R. Platt, Science (1964) 146, 347–353 (JSTOR version, open-access HTML version)

Criticism of science

 * Criticism of science
 * Antiscience, Antireductionism
 * Science wars: opposition to scientistic materialism, scientism, reductionism in science, rationalisation of society
 * Scientific realism vs. philosophical realism
 * Scientific skepticism vs. philosophical skepticism
 * Classic mistakes: misidentified chemical elements, polywater, cyclol hypothesis, Lysenkoism, cubical atoms, plum pudding model, caloric theory, phlogiston theory, vitalism, classical elements
 * Scientific misconduct: Climategate, Jan Hendrik Schön, Leo Paquette, plagiarism
 * Pseudoscience