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Kono Yasui

Kono Yasui (保井 コノ Yasui Kono, 16 February 1880 – 24 March 1971) was a Japanese biologist and cytologist.[1] In 1927, she became the first Japanese woman to receive a doctoral degree in science. She received a Medal of Honor with Purple Ribbon and was awarded as an Order of the Precious Crown Third Class for her academic accomplishments and leadership in women’s education in Japan.

Early Life and Education

Yasui was born in the town of Sanbonmatsu in Kagawa Prefecture in 1880, to the owner of a shipping business. She was the first child of nine siblings, and was raised by parents who valued and emphasized education. When she was moving from lower elementary to higher elementary school, her father persuaded her to read Encouragement of Learning, a highly influential book written by the philosopher and educator Yukichi Fukuzawa. Throughout her early education, she excelled in her studies, and was particularly gifted in science and mathematics.[6] She graduated from Kagawa Prefecture Normal School in 1898 and the Division of Science at the Women's Higher Normal School in 1902. She taught at Gifu Girls' Higher School and Kanda Girls' School until 1905, when a graduate course was established at the Women's Higher Normal School. She was the first woman to enter the course with a major in science research; she focused on zoology and botany. She published a paper about the Weberian apparatus of carp fish in Zoological Science in 1905, becoming the first woman published in the journal. Her research on the aquatic fern Salvinia natans was published in the Journal of Plant Sciences and the British journal Annals of Botany [4], marking the first publication of a Japanese woman's research in a foreign journal. She completed the graduate program at Women's Higher Normal School in 1907 and became an assistant professor at the school.[2]

Academic Career

When Yasui applied to the Japanese Ministry of Education to study abroad, they were hesitant to give her permission because of their belief that “a woman cannot achieve much in science.” She was only allowed on the condition that she listed "home economics research" alongside "scientific research" on her application and that she agreed not to marry and instead commit herself to her research.[2] She traveled to Germany and the United States in 1914 to perform cytological research at the University of Chicago.[3] She travelled to Harvard University in 1915, where she conducted research on coal under Professor E. C. Jeffrey. She returned to Japan in June 1916 and continued researching coal at Tokyo Imperial University (now the University of Tokyo) until 1927. She taught genetics there from 1918 to 1939, and was made a professor at the Women's Higher Normal School in Tokyo in 1919. She completed her doctoral thesis, "Studies on the structure of lignite, brown coal, and bituminous coal in Japan", in 1927, becoming the first woman in Japan to complete a doctorate in science.[2]

In 1929, Yasui founded the cytology journal Cytologia. From 1924 onwards, she researched the genetics of poppies, corn and Tradescantia species. In 1945, she began a survey of plants that had been affected by nuclear fallout after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.[3] When Ochanomizu University was established under its current name in 1949, Yasui was appointed professor.[2] She retired in 1952, becoming a professor emerita.[3] By 1957 she had published a total of 99 scientific papers.[2] She was awarded a Medal with Purple Ribbon in 1955 and conferred the Order of the Precious Crown, Third Class, Butterfly in 1965.[1][3] She died in Bunkyō Ward, Tokyo, on 24 March 1971.[2]

Legacy

Kono Yasui accomplished a lot of firsts during her life and career as a biologist and cytologist. Her career lasted from the late Meiji period, through the Taisho (1912-1926), to the early Showa period (1926-1989). During this time, women were strongly oppressed in Japan and were all but outlawed from working in research and academia.[6] She was the first Japanese woman to publish an academic paper in an international journal.[2] Most notably, she was the first Japanese woman to receive a doctoral degree in science, and she did so at a university that did not accept female students until almost 20 years later.[5]  During her time as a teacher at Tokyo Women’s Higher Normal School, she was very strict and did not treat her students as “girls.” Outside of the laboratory and classroom, however, she was known to be kind to her juniors and students alike. She heavily valued and contributed to the advancement of women’s education in Japan. After World War II, Yasui worked to establish a national university for women. These efforts were not in vain, as she played a pivotal role in the transformation of Tokyo Women’s Higher Normal School to Ochanomizu University in 1949.[6] She also donated the money received as gifts for her retirement to the Tokyo Women’s Higher Normal School as the “Yasui-Kuroda Scholarship,” which continues to provide educational opportunities for young female researchers today. Kono Yasui’s life has served as a guide and shining example to a whole generation of young women scientists.[2]

Timeline [2]

(1880) February 16th, Born in Kagawa Prefecture

(1898) Graduates from Kagawa Prefecture Normal School (age 18)

(1902) Graduates from Women’s Higher Normal School Division of Science (age 22)

(1905) Published first paper, “Weber’s Organ of Carp Fish,” in the Journal “Zoological Science.”

(1907) Completes graduate work at Women’s Higher Normal School, becomes assistant professor there (age 27)

(1914) Began studying cytology at the University of Chicago

(1915) Began studying coal at Harvard University

(1927) Published doctoral thesis, becoming first Japanese woman to receive doctorate (age 47)

(1929) Started the cytology journal, “Cytologia”

(1949) Becomes professor at Ochanomizu University (age 69)

(1952) Retires and becomes professor emeritus at Ochanomizu University (age 72)

(1955) Receives a Medal with Purple Ribbon for her academic accomplishments (age 75)

(1965) Receives the Order of the Precious Crown of the Third Class (age 85)

(1971) March 24th, passes away at her home in Tokyo (age 91)

References

1.      "Yasui, Kono (1880–1971)". Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages. 2007. Archived from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015 – via HighBeam Research.

2.      "Kono Yasui (1880–1971)". Ochanomizu University. Retrieved 6 December 2019.

3.      Haines, Catharine M. C. (2001). International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950. ABC-CLIO. p. 339. ISBN 978-1-57607-090-1.

4.      Kono Yasui, On The Life-history of Salvinia natans, Annals of Botany, Volume os-25, Issue 2, April 1911, Pages 469–484, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a089337

5.      "History of Todai Women." Office for Gender Equality, The University of Tokyo. 28 March 2019 2019. Web. 6 December 2019 < https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/kyodo-sankaku/en/activities/model-program/library/UTW_History/Page01.html >.

6.      Yamazaki, Miwae. "Where no Other Dared to Go: Kono Yasui 1880-1971 Japan's First Woman Doctor of Science." Blazing a Path: Japanese Women's Contributions to Modern Science (2001): 7. Print.