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= Historical trauma = From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Treatment
Treatment of HT must repair the afflicted person or communities' connection with their culture, values, beliefs, and self-image. It takes the forms of individual counseling or therapy, spiritual help, and group or entire community gatherings, which are all important aspects in the foundations of the healing process. Treatment should be aimed at a renewal of destroyed culture, spiritual beliefs, customs, and family connections, and a focus on reaffirming one's self-image and place within a community. Cultural revitalization initiatives for treating historical trauma among Native groups in North America include “culture camps,” where individuals live or camp out on their tribe’s traditional lands in order to learn cultural practices that have been lost to them as a result of colonial practices.[11]

Due to the collective and identity-based nature of HT, treatment approaches should be more than solutions to one individual’s problems. Healing must also entail revitalization of practices and ways of being that are necessary not just for individuals but for the communities they exist within. Relieving personal distress and promoting individual coping are important treatment goals, but successful treatment of HT also depends upon community-wide efforts to ending intergenerational transmission of collective trauma.[12]

Particular attention should be given to the needs and empowerment of peoples who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty. Social workers and activists should promote social justice and social change with and on behalf of clients, individuals, families, groups, and communities. In order for advocacy to be accurate and helpful to the afflicted populations, social workers should understand the cultural diversity, history, culture, and contemporary realities of clients.[13] Without proper treatment and understanding, historical trauma will continue to plague generations of afflicted communities

References[ edit]
11. Gone, Joseph P.; Calf Looking, Patrick E. (2015). "The Blackfeet Indian culture camp: Auditioning an alternative indigenous treatment for substance use disorders". Psychological Services. 12 (2): 83–91. doi:10.1037/ser0000013. ISSN 1939-148X.

12. Gone, Joseph P. (2016). "Alternative Knowledges and the Future of Community Psychology: Provocations from an American Indian Healing Tradition". American Journal of Community Psychology. 58 (3–4): 314–321. doi:10.1002/ajcp.12046.

= Transgenerational trauma = From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Native Americans[ edit]
Intergenerational Trauma has also been documented in Native American families. While it is difficult to maintain large generalizations about an ethnic group that is non homogenous, in comparison to other minority groups in the US, Native American are more likely to suffer from mental illness and have a suicide rate higher than the national average. However, it is difficult for researchers to understand to what extent these statistics are due to intergenerational trauma. For example, Native Americans today still face discrimination and persecution by the US government and many symptoms that stem from events could easily be misdiagnosed as intergenerational trauma. Still, some research has shown that the worst cases of intergenerational trauma were documented in Native Americans and persisted through 6 generations. Much of their trauma has stemmed from the suppression of culture, lack of governmental protection, and the ongoing systemic oppression of their people.

Indigenous Canadians [ edit]
The fact that Canadian Indigenous groups experience mental illness, suicide and substance use problems more than non-Indigenous populations has been cited as an example of intergenerational trauma. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission describes how Indigenous individuals experienced high rates of physical and sexual abuse in the residential school system, and that the children of Indigenous individuals who never directly experienced the residential school system themselves may still exhibit trauma sensitivity that is disproportionate to their lived experiences thus far.[33] This is considered evidence that the negative impact of Canadian colonization on Indigenous wellbeing has been transmitted down through generations of Indigenous families.

Psychological and social aspects[ edit]
There are many current transgenerational studies that have been done on adults that have experienced natural disasters or adversities. One study revealed that the children of Australian Vietnam War-Veterans are more likely to suffer from family dysfunction, lower self-esteem, and symptoms resembling the disorders (most commonly PTSD) of their parents.[citation needed] Another study done on the offspring of torture victims was performed. The study found that they showed more symptoms of anxiety, depression, post‐traumatic stress, attention deficits and behavioral disorders compared with the comparison group of those who had not experienced the specific trauma. A qualitative study was done on the Brazilian children of Holocaust survivors. This study was able to propose not only a supported model of the transgenerational transmission of traumatic experiences, but one also of resilience patterns that can be transmitted in between generations and developed within generations. Researchers Cowan, Callaghan, & Richardson studied the impact of early-life adversities on individuals and their descendants. Their research was also consistent with the transmission theory, in which their findings revealed that the stress phenotype that was expressed in individuals who experienced the adversity was also observed in children and even grandchildren.

The famous study of Harlow's monkeys also revealed that the adversity of a maternal variable which would create stress in the individual was also witnessed in their offspring although not having experienced the adversity. One last study displayed that if children were exposed to high postnatal maternal licking/grooming and arched-back nursing then they were likely to do the same to their offspring. Vice versa, if children experienced low LG-ABN mothers, then they were likely to provide the same to their offspring. Consequently, this causes a decrease in serotonin and expression, and an increase in methylation. Ultimately, a more stressed pup is created, causing this phenotype to be passed on through experience and genes.

Theses studies allude to the fact that oftentimes adversity, especially early on and for longer periods of time, can impact development in individuals and their offspring.

The oppression that blacks experienced through slavery and enduring racism has a psychological impact on how they view achievement. In terms of the social aspects of this, the repackaged forms of racism seem to make it difficult for blacks to surpass a certain SES threshold, to escape a certain neighborhood, to move beyond a certain lifestyle or status, or to exist without first acknowledging their setback: being black.

For Native Americans, US government practices of taking their lands from them and displacing them is still one that is practiced today and therefore is still one that affects them many generations later. The social enforcement of their ostracization causes them to be generally removed from society, to be powerless and uninvited in government, and to be left to fend for themselves. The transgenerational transmission of colonial trauma is also considered a contributing factor in the high rates of mental health difficulties Canadian Indigenous communities experience. Displacement and maltreatment during colonization had led to negative effects in the children of Indigenous peoples who survived such experiences. This is passed down generationally via ongoing social marginalization and lateral violence. The loss of Indigenous cultures and resulting lack of community cohesion poses a further challenge for Indigenous groups in resolving transgenerational trauma.[53]

References[ edit]
33. Kirmayer, Laurence J; Brass, Gregory M; Tait, Caroline L (2000). "The Mental Health of Aboriginal Peoples: Transformations of Identity and Community". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 45 (7): 607–616. doi:10.1177/070674370004500702. ISSN 0706-7437.

53. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015). Honouring the truth, reconciling for the future: Summary of the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada.

= Alcohol and Native Americans = From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Historical trauma response[ edit]
Historical trauma is psychological trauma resulting from physically and emotionally harmful or threatening experiences shared by a group over the lifespan and across generations. Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart has argued that historical trauma plays a significant role in motivating substance abuse as a pathological coping strategy to deal with "low self-esteem, loss of cultural identity, lack of positive role models, history of abuse and neglect, self-medication due to feelings of hopelessness, and loss of family and tribal connections." Brave Heart has argued that there is a significant correlation between alcohol abuse, depression and suicide and the emotional responses to historical trauma such as disenfranchised grief and internalized oppression. Other research has also found that historical trauma is associated with substance use problems in Native American communities, and that treating this trauma in tandem with alcohol abuse is more effective than substance use treatment without supplemental treatment of historical trauma.[169]

References[ edit]
169. Gone, Joseph P. (2013). "A community-based treatment for Native American historical trauma: Prospects for evidence-based practice". Spirituality in Clinical Practice. 1 (S): 78–94. doi:10.1037/2326-4500.1.s.78. ISSN 2326-4519.