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Columbia Gorge is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) that encompasses a region within the 40 mi Columbia River Gorge and straddles the Oregon and Washington state border. The AVA was established by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau {TTB), Treasury on July 9, 2004 after reviewing the petition submitted by Mark Wharry, on behalf of the Columbia River Gorge Wine Growers Association, proposing the viticultural area named "Columbia Gorge." The 280 sqmi AVA is located about 60 mi east of Portland, Oregon, straddles the Columbia River for 15 mi, and extends into south-central Washington and north-central Oregon. The area surrounds Hood River, Oregon, and White Salmon, Washington, and is generally bordered by B Z Corner, Washington, on the north; Lyle, Washington, on the east; Parkdale, Oregon, on the south; and Vinzenz Lausmann State Park, Oregon, on the west. The area lies due west with an adjacent border to the vast Columbia Valley viticultural area. Due to the significant gradations of climate and geography found in the gorge, the AVA exhibits a wide range of terroir in a relatively small region; it is marketed as a "world of wine in 40 miles".

Columbia Gorge lies in four counties; Hood River and Wasco counties in Oregon, and Skamania and Klickitat counties in Washington. The region stretches from Hood River, Oregon and Underwood, Washington in the west, to Rowena, Oregon and Lyle, Washington in the east. It includes the river valleys of the Hood and Deschutes in Oregon, and the Klickitat and White Salmon in Washington.

As the AVA lies east of the summits of nearby Mount Hood and Mount Adams, it is in rain shadow of the Cascade volcanoes. The region is significantly drier than the Portland metropolitan area to the west. Annual precipitation ranges from 30 in at the western end of the area, to only 18 in in the east. Elevation in the region varies considerably, increasing as one travels from the Columbia River into the plateaus on either side, as the strong Columbia Gorge winds significantly influences the region's climate. This allows a wide variety of grapes to be grown in the Columbia Gorge. The region has about 90+ vineyards, growing a wide variety of grapes, including Syrah, Pinot noir, Chardonnay, Gewürztraminer, Zinfandel, Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot gris, Riesling, and Sangiovese.

History
Lewis and Clark made the Columbia Gorge famous when they passed through on their way to the Pacific Ocean in 1805. Growers have raised grapes in the Columbia Gorge for over a century. In the 1880s, the Jewitt family, founders of the town of White Salmon, Washington, built terraces on a wide south-facing slope on the bluff above Bingen, Washington. They planted American vines that they had brought with them from Illinois. Also, the pioneering Balfour and Meress families brought grape cuttings to the Columbia Gorge. John Balfour, the youngest son of English Lord Balfour, planted grape vines in the early 1900s near the current location of Lyle, Washington. Leonis and Elizah Meress brought grape cuttings to the area from their native Adele Nord, a village in one of France’s coldest regions. Some of the vinifera vines they planted are still alive and have withstood temperatures well below zero. Viticulture in the Columbia Gorge was renewed in the early 1960s when experimental plots were planted on the south facing slopes of Underwood Mountain. Later, commercial plots were planted under the direction of Washington State University. As of 2023, the Columbia Gorge Winegrowers Association is comprised of 90+ vineyards and 50 wineries. Currently, 1300 acre are under vine in the Columbia Gorge viticultural area with more being planted each year.

Terroir
The Columbia Gorge viticultural area’s boundary is based on a combination of topographic, soil, and climatic factors that contrast with the nearby Columbia Valley and  Willamette Valley viticultural areas. Much of the boundary line is the 2000 ft elevation line, which encloses lower elevations and flatter agricultural areas with loamy soils. Above the 2000 ft elevation boundary line the terrain becomes steeper and has gravelly soils more suitable for timber.

Topography
The Columbia River, twisting and turning on a westbound course, carved the Columbia Gorge, with its sides of steep cliffs, into the terrain. These sides range from sheer rock faces, comprised of volcanic outcroppings of igneous and metamorphic rock, to gentle stair-step benchlands formed by prehistoric lava flows. These benchlands have deep soil and good sun exposure, making them desirable for vineyards. Through the narrow gap in the Cascade Mountains, the Gorge funnels the Pacific’s moist marine air from the west and the drier inland air from the east, back and forth depending on the fluctuating air pressure. The Columbia Gorge viticultural area benefits from these prevailing winds, which moderate temperatures that otherwise might be warmer in the summer and cooler in the winter.

Climate
The Columbia Gorge appellation climate drastically changes and is distinguished by its proximity to the Cascade crest in the west and the persistent winds passing through the Gorge creating radically different microclimates. Utilizing the Amerine-Winkler method, Columbia Gorge has different cumulative heat summation during the grape growing season than nearby areas. To the west is a cooler, marine-influenced climate where it rains 36 in per year; to the east it’s a continental arid high desert climate with just 10 in of annual rainfall. This extreme variance of climate means the area can successfully grow a wide range of classical varieties.

The wind's effect on viticulture is noted during the grapevine bud-break to fruit-set period, according to a 1982 article, "Influence of Windbreaks and Climatic Region on Diurnal Fluctuation of Leaf Water Potential, Stomatal Conductance, and Leaf Temperature of Grapevines" by Freeman, Kliewer, and Stern in the American Journal of Enological Viticulture (vol. 33, pp.233–236). The most-often observed consequences of the higher winds within the affected AVAs include a reduction in canopy size and density of grapes on the vines. Also, vines are less prone to disease, based on the wind's drying of wet plant surfaces on where fungal spores or bacteria can land. The volume of wind is also a key factor in determining the amount of irrigation needed for optimum vine growth.

Rainfall
Annual rainfall decreases approximately one inch per mile from west to east within the Columbia Gorge viticultural area from 36 in on the west side of the Hood River, to 10 in near its eastern boundary at Lyle, Washington. By comparison, west of the Columbia Gorge viticultural area boundary the Bonneville Dam averages 77.54 in and Skamania, Washington, averages 85.49 in of annual rainfall. To the east of the boundary line, The Dalles, Oregon, averages 14.52 in and Yakima, Washington, averages 8.21 in of rainfall annually.

Temperature
The average growing temperatures within the Columbia Gorge viticultural area range from 62 F degrees (Appleton and Wind River) to 65 F (Hood River, Oregon), as compared to 61 F to the west in Skamania and 71.6 F to the east in The Dalles. In general, grapes grown in this viticultural area are early varietals, such as Pinot Noir and Gewurztraminer, which require fewer high temperature days. By contrast, the Columbia Valley viticultural area is able to grow much later varieties, e.g., Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon, due to significantly higher degree growing days.

Soils
Soil types within the boundaries of the Columbia Gorge viticultural area are silty loams, as opposed to the more gravelly soils found outside the area. As the valleys on both the Washington and Oregon sides of the area slope up to the surrounding hills, the terrain becomes much steeper, and the soil types change noticeably. Permeability of the silty loams found within the Columbia Gorge viticultural area is slow to moderate, and the available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 in or more. Soils include Chemawa, Underwood Loam, McGowen, Wyest Silt Loam, Van Horn, Parkdale Loam, and Oak Grove Loam series. By contrast, the soils immediately surrounding the Columbia Gorge viticultural area, both above the 2000 ft elevation line and eastward to the Columbia Valley, are generally gravelly with higher permeability. These soils typically support sloped timber areas at more than 2000 ft above sea level. Examples of soils outside the area are the Steeper McElroy, Undusk Gravelly Loam, Husum Gravelly Loam, Rock Outcrop, Bins-Bindle, Yallani, and Hesslan-Skyline series. .

Viticulture
The Columbia Gorge geography is unique where the Cascade Mountains are bisected by the Columbia River through a very narrow passage creating a natural wind funnel. The appellation land area straddles across the river as it traverses on the Washington-Oregon border. As a result, the topography produces different microclimates from west to east as annual rainfall decreases approximately one inch per mile. The western section of the appellation receives an average of 36 in of rainfall annually and the eastern section a mere 10 in. The western vineyards have more of a maritime influenced climate, ideal for cooler climate grapes and eastern vineyards have a continental climate, better suited to warm weather varieties. Vineyards on both sides of the river share the terroir beneficial to the 1300 acre under vine among 90+ vineyards which cultivate grapes that garnered the attention from regional vintners. On the Washington terraces, south-facing sloped vineyards receive the most sunshine and those closest to the mountains are among the few in the state that can be dry-farmed. These south-facing slopes represent the best aspect for viticulture in the Pacific Northwest due to the northerly latitude. The renown Celilo vineyard was particularly admired for its Chardonnay and Pinot Noir.