User:Bfarley4/sandbox

Born in Easton, Pennsylvania in 1860, James McKeen Cattell grew up in a wealthy and prominanat family. After graduating Lafayette College at the age of 20 Cattell traveled to Germany to continue his education. While in Germany James Cattell met and studied under Wilhelm Wundt at the University of Leipzig. His relationship with Wundt helped propel Cattell to become the first American to write a dissertation in the field of psychology. Cattell also studied under Hermann Lotze at the University of Gottingen. After graduating with a Ph.D. in 1886 Cattell began lecturing at the University of Cambridge and also became a 'Fellow Commoner' of St. Johns College, Cambridge. In 1889 he returned to the United States to become a Professor of Psychology in Pennsylvania before he became Department Head of Psychology, Anthropology, and Philosophy at Columbia Universtiy in 1891. Cattell become President of the American Psychological Association in 1895. Throughout his career Cattell worked to try and establish pscyhology as a worthy field of study as any of the "hard sciences" were. His use of quantitative methods and focus on establishing psychology as a legitimate science helped change many people's view that psychology was a lesser science or pseudoscience. Cattell's use of statistical methods and quantification of data helped psychology to become view as an experimental science.

Letta Stetter Hollingworth was born in Nebraska in 1886. Hollingworth enrolled at the University of Nebraska when she was 16, and it was here that she Harry Holllingworth, her future husband. Stetter's husband moved to do New York to continue his education at Columbia University under James Cattell, however she stayed in Nebraska to finish her undergraudate degree. Upon graduation she taught at several high schools until her and her finace could afford to relocate her to New York were she recieved a Masters in Education from Columbia. After graduation Stetter took a job to administer Binet intelligence tests, which eventually led ter to a position as a psychologist under Civil Service in New York. Stetter went on to receive both a doctorate and a Ph.D. from Columbia while studying under Edware Thorndike. Columbia offered Stetter a teaching position upon her graduation, where she remained for the rest of her life. Letta Steteer Hollinworth conducted pionering work on the psychology of women, and effectively invented the discipline. Hollingworth challenged the belief that women were intelectually inferior to men and that women did not reach the prominant positions men did because of social roles. In the 1920s Hollingworth shifted her focus to the study of children, focusing the mentally gifted. Her research, which was able to identify gifted children because of her very reliable and valid intelligence. Stetter's finding helped lead refrom in the education system

Robert Woodwroth was born in Massachusetts in 1869. In his senior year at Amherst College Woodworth took a pscyhology class which influenced him to become a teacher rather instead of a minster. Woodworth taught high school for two years before he attended a lecture by G. Stanley Hall which captivated his attention. Among his studies when he returned to school at Harvard in 1895 was psychology. Here he studied under William James and met Edward Thorndike and Walter Cannon. Woodworth did postdoctoral worth with C.S. Shrrington in Liverpool before taking a position at Columbia.

Robert Yerkes was born into a rural farming family on May 26, 1876 in Breadysville, Pennsylvania. As a boy Yerkes wanted to leave the hard life of a rural farmer behind to become a physician. In 1897 Yerkes graduated from Ursinus College with the choice of either doing graduate work in Biology at Harvard or continuing medical training in Philadelphia. He chose to attend Harvard and became so interested in animal behavior he gave up further medical training to study comparative psychology. After receiving his Ph.D. from the Harvard Psychology Department in 1902 Yerkes became an assistant professor in Comparative Psychology at Harvard. Yerkes also taught at Radcliffe College in the summers and became director of psychological research ar the Boston Psychopathic Hospital. Throughout his career Yerkes collaborated and worked with John Watson, John Dodson, and Edward Thorndike, among others, was the president of the American Psychological Association, worked for the United States National Research Council, and pioneered the field of psychobiology at Yale University. Yerkes was a central figure in the field of intelligence testing. He developed the Army’s Alpha and Beta Intelligence Tests which were the first nonverbal group tests. Yerkes was also involved with primate intelligence which lead to the development of the Yerkes-Dodson law stating that performance is related to arousal. As a result of his fascination with primates Yerkes established the Yale University Laboratories of Primate Biology which eventually moved to Emory University after his death and renamed the Yerkes national Primate Research Center.