User:Bfpage/sandbox/Pessimism in bees

honeybees are believed to experience changes in mood. Investigations clearly illustrate that bees are stressed. "...bees tend to see the glass as half empty." nuanced behaviors,

honey bees too have feelings. Namely, pessimism.bees displayed "an increased expectation of bad outcomes." The brains of bees exposed to negative stimuli contain different levels of dopamine, serotonin and octopamine, neurotransmitters associated with depression. These observations have encouraged the research into the happiness of bees.

Simulating a dangerous event to or with of bees causes the bees to interpret it as leading to future bad events. This has been identified as pessimistic and evidence of thought. This same cognitive bias is demonstrated by people who are anxious or depressed. When some animals are faced with situations that will result in either a positive or negative outcome, they have a tendency to expect the worst. As in depressed or anxious humans, animals in putative negative affective states are more likely to make negative (‘pessimistic’) judgments about ambiguous stimuli than those in positive states. Historically, bees have been considered to be able to express happiness or joy at the discovery of a nectar source. This joy was evidenced by the the honeybee dance. These movements were described as exuberant movement patterns. Later it was deduced instead that the actual activity interpreted as emotion was to function as a form of communication to convey the location of nectar.

pessimistic cognitive bias when they are subjected to an anxiety-like state Shaken bees also have lower levels of hemolymph dopamine, octopamine, and serotonin Honeybees that have been agitated by vigourous shaking simulating an attack subsequently deomonstrate the expectation of bad things happening in the future.