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The Newton-Gauss Line

In mathematics, the Newton-Gauss Line is a property of a theorem known as the Theorem of Complete Quadrilateral, which is a proof within the field of geometry. It is a geometric relation of properties, with a specific interest in the midpoints of line segments within a complete quadrilateral, also known as a tetragram. The theorem states that the midpoints of the three diagonals of a complete quadrilateral lie on a single line. This connecting line is referred to as the Newton-Gauss Line.

The Newton-Gauss Line is very similar to the Newton Line, which follows the same general theorem but uses a convex quadrilateral with at most two parallel sides; this also means instead of having three diagonals, it uses the midpoint of the two diagonals in addition to the point which bisects two lines created by connecting the midpoints of the opposite sides of the quadrilateral.

Theorem of Complete Quadrilateral
The Theorem of Complete Quadrilateral states that any four lines that are in general position (no two lines are parallel, and no three are concurrent) defines a total of six points; the configuration of these six points, in addition to the line segments belonging to these given lines, are known as the complete quadrilateral. Additionally, a key property is that these 6 points can be split into pairs where their connecting segments do not lie on any of the given 4 lines. These line segments are called diagonals of the quadrilateral. When connecting the midpoints of these diagonals, this forms the Newton-Gauss Line.

Properties
A complete quadrilateral is the polygon determined by four lines, with there being no three lines that are concurrent, and their six points of intersection. A complete quadrilateral ABCDEF (figure 1) has three distinct diagonals: AC, BD, and EF. It should be noted that regular polygons only have two distinct diagonals. The midpoints of these diagonals; R, S, and T, form a line when connected together - this is the Newton-Gauss Line.

One property that is interesting is the distance between the points that make up the Newton-Gauss Line. From the Newton Line, we can see that the outer points of the line are equidistant to the central point of the line. The Newton-Gauss Line does not follow the same equidistance between points. This is due to the extra two points in the complete quadrilateral being able to extend extremely far along the lines, only limited by the angles at which the inner points create.

Applications
Although the Newton-Gauss Line's applications on a broader spectrum of mathematics is limited, the Newton-Gauss Line is a fundamental concept when dealing with complete quadrilaterals, used to develop an understanding of how quadrilaterals operate and can be manipulated when their vertices are modifies. It is also used as a basis for being able to collect a plethora of other information used in the analysis of complete quadrilaterals.

The following are some possible applications of the complete quadrilaterals which are associated with cyclic quadrilaterals, based on the works presented by Barbu and Patrascu.

Angle Equality
You are able to show angular equality between points on the complete quadrilateral and points lying on the Newton-Gauss Line.

Given any cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, let point F be the point of intersection between the two diagonals AC and BD. Extend out the diagonals AB and CD until they meet at a point of intersection and let this point be E. Let the midpoint of the segment EF be N, and let the midpoint of the segment BC be M.

Theorem
If the midpoint of the segment BF is P, the Newton-Gauss Line of the complete quadrilateral ABCDEF in addition to the line PM determines an ∠PMN equal to ∠EFD.

Proof
First we must show that the triangles NPM and EDF are similar.

Since BE||PN and additionally FC||PM, ∠NPM = ∠EAC. Also, BE/PN = FC/PM = 2.

Within the cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, we have the set of equalities ∠EDF = ∠ADF + ∠EDA = ∠ACB + ∠ABC = ∠EAC.

Therefore, ∠NPM = ∠EDF.

We let R1 and R2 be the radii of the circumcircles of triangles EDB and FCD respectively. If we apply the law of sines to the triangles, we are given:

BE/FC = 2R1sinEDB/2R2sinFDC = R1/R2 = 2R1sinEBD/2R2sinFCD = DE/DF.

Since BE = 2PN and also FC = 2PM, we have shown the equality PN/PM = DE/DF. The similarity of triangles PMN and DFE follows, and ∠NMP = ∠EFD.

Remark
It should be noted that is Q is the midpoint of the line segment FC, by the same reasoning we can show that ∠NMQ = ∠EFA.

Angle Equality Parallel to the Newton-Gauss Line
You are able to draw additional parallel lines to the lines on the complete quadrilateral which connect to the Newton-Gauss Line. By doing this, you can also show that several angles are equal within the complete quadrilateral

Theorem
The parallel from E to the Newton-Gauss Line of the complete quadrilateral ABCDEF in addition to the line EF are isogonal lines of angle BEC.

Proof
Since we know from the proof conducted in the first application that triangles EDF and NPM are similar, we have the equality ∠DEF = ∠PNM. We denote the point on intersection between the side BC with the parallel of NM through E as the point E'.

Because we know PN||BE and NM||EE', we can show that ∠BEF = ∠PNF, and additionally that ∠FNM = ∠E'EF.

Therefore, ∠CEE' = ∠DEF - ∠E'EF = ∠PNM - ∠FNM = ∠PNF = ∠BEF.

Two Cyclic Quadrilaterals
You are able to show that the points lying on the diagonals in combination with points that lie on the given 4 lines will form two cyclic quadrilaterals, and as a result, you are then able to prove that the two complete quadrilaterals contained within these have the same Newton-Gauss Line.

Theorem 1
Let G and H be the orthogonal projections of the point F on the lines AB and CD respectively.

The quadrilaterals MPHN and MQHN are cyclic.

Proof
From the theorem presented in the Angle Equality application, we know that ∠EFD = ∠PMN. The points P and N are the respective circumcenters of the right triangles BFG and EFG. It then follows with the assumption that ∠PGF = ∠PFG, and ∠FGN = ∠GFN.

Therefore,

∠PGN + ∠PMN = (∠PGF + ∠FGN) + ∠PMN

= ∠PFG + ∠GFN + ∠EFD

= 180°

Therefore, we have shown that MPGN is a cyclic quadrilateral, and it's twin MQHN is also cyclic by the same reasoning.

Theorem 2
Extend the lines GF and HF to intersect EC and EB at I and J respectively.

The complete quadrilaterals EFGHIJ and ABCDEF have the same Newton-Gauss Line.

Proof
The two complete quadrilaterals have a shared diagonal, EF. When each complete quadrilateral's Newton-Gauss Line is calculated, it is found that N lies on the Newton-Gauss Line of both quadrilaterals. It is worth noting that N is equidistant from G and H, since it is the circumcenter of the cyclic quadrilateral EGFH.

We show that triangles GMP and HMQ are congruent, and thus it follows that M lies on the perpendicular bisector of the line HG. Therefore, the line MN contains the midpoint of GH, and is the Newton-Gauss Line of EFGHIJ.

Now for us to show that the triangles GMP and and HMQ are congruent, we must first note that since we have the points M and P being midpoints of BF and BC respectively, PMQF is a parallelogram.

From this, we can come to the conclusion that


 * MP = QF = HQ,
 * GP = PF = MQ,
 * ∠MPF = ∠FQM.

It is important to note that ∠FPG = 2∠PBG = 2∠DBA = 2∠DCA = 2∠HCF = ∠HQF.

When we combine this with the third dot point above, we find:

∠MPG = ∠MPF + ∠FPG = ∠FQM + ∠HQF = ∠HQF + ∠FQM = ∠HQM.

Together, with the other two dot points above, this proves the congruence of triangles GMP and HMQ.

Remark
Due to GMP and HMQ being congruent triangles, their circumcentres MPGN and MQHN are also congruent.