User:Bhutchis/sandbox

Background
In 1990, Jack Gargan began to believe that the US Economy and political system was failing. Incidents including congressional pay raises, the Keating Five Senate hearings, and the S&L Crisis drove Gargan to borrow $45,000 from his retirement savings to finance the first of many independent ads entitled “I’m mad as hell and I’m not going to take it anymore” (a reference to a famous quote from the 1976 political and mass media satire movie, Network) newspaper advertisements denouncing U.S. Congress for voting for legislative pay raises at a time when average wages nationwide were not increasing.

The original article, and subsequent articles sent out to newspapers nationwide, drew widespread interest and T.H.R.O. (“Throw the Hypocritical Rascals Out”) was formed. The 1991 congressional election was Gargan’s target, and he urged citizens to vote all incumbent congressmen out of office and replace them with new blood.

The election did not possess the sweeping change that Gargan had hoped. Only 17 incumbents were thrown out. Nevertheless, it was a much higher margin of change since the last election, in which only 7 incumbents had lost. Times Dispatch 11/9/90. Gargan also noted that there was a 12% cross-country differential spread compared to the spread of the previous election. It seemed that while incumbents were still very difficult to remove from office, the potential of such a thing occurring was becoming greater. The Cincinatti Inquirer, 11/15/90. By 1/2/1991, just 132 days after the first ad was published, Gargan managed to raise $750,000 in donations, many of which were below $10 per donation. By this time, he had also purchased 142 newspaper ads in 49 states. 1/2/91 The Tampa Tribune. Gargan also appeared in 250 radio talk shows, and was interviewed on Donahue, Larry King Live, Good Morning America, and the CBS Morning News. 1/2/91 The Tampa Tribune.