User:Big Añu/sandbox

Some sources to be used:

 * (1) Media of communication. (2011). In P. C. Hogan (Ed.), The Cambridge encyclopedia of the language sciences. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from http://db19.linccweb.org/login?url=http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/cupelanscis/media_of_communication/0?institutionId=6086
 * (2) McCornack, S., & Ortiz, J. (2016). Choices and Connections (2nd ed.). Bedford/St. Martin's.
 * (3) Friend, C., & Fox Hamilton, N. (2016). Deception Detection: The Relationship of Levels of Trust and Perspective Taking in Real-Time Online and Offline Communication Environments. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 19(9), 532-537. doi:10.1089/cyber.2015.0643 http://db19.linccweb.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=118177795&site=ehost-live
 * (4) Communication Media Repertoires: Dealing with the Multiplicity of Media Choices Author(s): Mary Beth Watson-Manheim and France Bélanger Source: MIS Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Jun., 2007), pp. 267-293 Published by: Management Information Systems Research Center, University of Minnesota Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25148791 Accessed: 01-11-2017 23:30 UTC
 * (5) Park, Namkee, et al. "Explaining the Use of Text-Based Communication Media: An Examination of Three Theories of Media Use." Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, vol. 15, no. 7, July 2012, pp. 357-363. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0121. http://db19.linccweb.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=77633503&site=ehost-live
 * (6) Campbell, Jamonn. "Interpersonal Coordination in Computer-Mediated Communication." Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, edited by Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, 3rd ed., vol. 3, Information Science Reference, 2015, pp. 2079-2088. Gale Virtual Reference Library, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX6285000242/GVRL?u=lincclin_pbcc&sid=GVRL&xid=949475bc. Accessed 8 Dec. 2017.

Primary information provided by the sources:

 * (1) Media of communication
 * (a) Media of communication are vehicles through which communication can occur.
 * (b) Writing and speech are different through lexical density, range of grammatical structures, degrees of embedding, varied connectivity between sentences, syntax, permanence, etc., so the choice of media can alter the message.
 * (c) The development of media of communication is chronologically split into three categories: mechanical, electrical, and digital.
 * (d) (History on development of electrical media of communication.)
 * (e) In terms of broadcast communication, which can have many genres and formats, the “speaker” can be separated into three entities: the author, who prepares the information, the animator, who presents the information, and the principal, who is responsible for the information.
 * (f) Texting and e-mail can either be one-to-one or one-to-many, and permanent or temporal. They also contain combined forms of writing and speech, which is evident by slang and shorthand.
 * (g) This trend of informality is called “informalization”, “democratization or conversationalization of discourse”, “intimacy at a distance”, “parasocial interaction”, “synthetic personalization”, and “broadcast sociability.
 * (2) McCornack, S., & Ortiz, J.
 * (a) Mediated communication is communication that is done through a device.
 * (b) These media are divided into mass media, which is public and targeted to large audiences, and social media, which is more personal.
 * (c) Communication through media is used to accomplish the three main goals of communication: instrumental, self-presentation, and relationship. Media can also be used for public and professional discussions and entertainment.
 * (d) The processes of synchronous communication under mediated communication happen one after another within a short time frame.
 * (e) The processes of asynchronous communication span a long time.
 * (f) There is no nonverbal information that can be transmitted through media, thus, information received can be harder to understand. Instead, verbal cues are used.
 * (g) Information sent through digital media can exist for a very long time.
 * (h) Self-presentation applies to mediated communication.
 * (i) Posted information, usernames, and friends and coworkers affect online face.
 * (3) Friend, C., & Fox Hamilton, N.
 * (a) People tend to send more information at a time through computer media.
 * (b) This allows abusive forms of communication like cyberbullying and phishing to occur.
 * (c) A person who is being deceived can have difficulty with measuring someone else’s reactions by the disassociation and disinhibition of mediated communication.
 * (d) Information sent through media instead of face-to-face can lose or change any sign of deception normally sent through visual, vocal, or other means.
 * (e) The availability of this kind of information increases disassociation, increases anonymity, and reduces deception detection
 * (f) By the Media Richness Theory, individuals will lie less in media-rich communication like face-to-face communication, where there are visual cues and such.
 * (g) It is easier to trust someone else through mediated communication.
 * (h) People have trust in others through media as they see others doing the same, more so with disinhibitions.
 * (i) Truth bias is more prevalent in mediated communication.
 * (j) Data on strong truth bias in text messaging.
 * (k) People with less trust can detect deception better online.
 * (l) Trust and perspective do not affect detection of deception in face-to-face communication.
 * (m) The medium of communication does not affect the ability to detect deception.
 * (4) Communication Media Repertoires
 * (a) Workers use different types of media depending on communication purpose and institutional and situational factors.
 * (b) Communication purposes: coordination, knowledge-sharing, information gathering, relationship development, conflict resolution.
 * (c) Institutional factors: physical structure of work units, social structure, and incentives.
 * (d) Situational factors: task characteristics, message content, urgency.
 * (e) The usage of different types of media is usually combined.
 * (f) Mediated communication not as common as face-to-face in the workplace.
 * (g) Different types of coordination: simple and complex.
 * (h) Differences in preferred media for simple coordination.
 * (i) Face-to-face used for complex tasks; e-mail for simpler coordination, info retention, and recording info exchange.
 * (j) Face-to-face or phone for conflict resolution and sensitive topics; e-mail for simple information.
 * (k) Paging to phone to get a phone call; phone for quick info; phone and pager for immediate answer; paging for quick response.
 * (l) Institutional norms can differ widely, but situational norms have some similarities: e-mail is useful for recording info transfer and sending long and complex info with non-textual info, phone and pager good for immediate communication.
 * (m) E-mail, paging, or phone is used in simple coordination communication.
 * (n) E-mail, phone, and face-to-face used in complex coordination.
 * (o) Teleconferencing, e-mail, phone, or face-to-face used in knowledge sharing.
 * (p) E-mail, phone, and face-to-face used for information gathering.
 * (q) E-mail is rarely used for relationship goals, mostly face-to-face.
 * (r) E-mail and face-to-face used for conflict resolution.
 * (5) Park, Namkee, et al.
 * (a) “Communication technologies vary in their attribute of social presence, ‘the feeling that other actors are jointly involved in communicative interactions.’”
 * (b) Media richness theory: “Individuals distinguish communication technologies from ‘lean’ to ‘rich’ based on the technologies’ intrinsic properties.” Those properties are transmission of multiple cues, time interval of receiving feedback, language variety, and personal focus.
 * (c) “Individual differences in media selection and consumption originate from their specific needs and motivations."
 * (d) “Perceived social norms” are “a measure of one’s perceptions about others’ expectations influencing the diffusion of innovation.
 * (e) If some people use some medium to communicate, then others associated with will follow.
 * (f) Media richness not associated with e-mail, but instead more with cell-phone texting and Facebook Wall posting.
 * (g) Motivations divided into strong-tie communication and weak-tie communication.
 * (h) Strong-tie communications had no impact on the usage of either medium, while weak-tie communication had a big impact on cell-phone texting.
 * (i) Network effect had the most impact on e-mail.
 * (j) Younger people more likely to use texting and Facebook.
 * (k) Women spend more time using all three.

Purpose of the information:

 * A section on “Modern Usage of Different Media” will be created, discussing the factors that lead people into using a certain medium and the media that are used for certain situations. It will include information from (4) and (5).
 * Using preexisting information from the article, (1.b), (2.f-h), (3) a section called “Differences from face-to-face communication” can be devoted to describing the differences between mediated communication and face-to-face communication.
 * (1.a) and (2.a) can be incorporated into the definition of mediated communication.
 * The 3rd paragraph can be moved into the “Differences…” section.
 * The remaining information can stay in the introduction section.
 * Some of (1.c) can be added to the introduction section.
 * References to these sources will be added to the “References” section.
 * A link to the “Media studies”, “Mass Media”, “Social Media”, and other appropriate Wikipedia articles will be added under the “See also” section.

Mediated Communication
Mediated communication or mediated interaction (less often, mediated discourse) refers to communication carried out by the use of information communication technology and can be contrasted to face-to-face communication. While nowadays the technology we use is often related to computers, giving rise to the popular term computer-mediated communication, mediated technology need not be computerized as writing a letter using a pen and a piece of paper is also using mediated communication. Thus, Davis defines mediated communication as the use of any technical medium for transmission across time and space.

Historically, mediated communication was much rarer than the face-to-face method. Even though humans possessed the technology to communicate in space and time for millennia, the majority of the world's population lacked skills such as literacy to use them. This began to change in Europe with the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg that led to the spread of printed texts and rising literacy from the 15th century. Separately, the first print culture was Chinese in origin. Whatever the tradition, face-to-face interaction has begun to steadily lose ground to mediated communication.

Compared to face-to-face communication, mediated communication engages fewer senses, transmits fewer symbolic cues (most mediated communication does not transmit facial expressions) and is seen as more private. Parties usually require some technical expertise to operate the mediating technologies. New computerized media, such as mobile telephones or instant messaging, allow mediated communication to transmit more oral and nonverbal symbols than the older generation of tools.

The type of mediated technology used can also influence its meaning. This is most famously rendered in Marshall McLuhan's maxim "the medium is the message".

Lundby (2009) distinguished between three forms of mediated communication: mediated interpersonal communication, interactive communication, and mass communication. Thompson (1995), however, treated mass communication not as a part of mediated communication, but on par with mediated and face-to-face communication, terming it "mediated quasi-interaction".

Differences from face-to-face communication
There are only a few ways that mediated communication and face-to-face communication function similarly. One of them is that interpersonal coordination is present in both face-to-face and mediated communication. However, mediated communication has vast differences and limitations compared with face-to-face communication. Writing in communication media and speech in face-to-face communication have different lexical density, range of grammatical structures, degrees of embedding, varied connectivity between sentences, syntax, permanence, etc. These differences in each type of communication can change the message. Texting and e-mail, for example, contain combined forms of writing and speech, which is evident by slang and shorthand. Also, no nonverbal cues can be sent through mediated communication, so received information can be harder to understand. Verbal cues are used instead of nonverbal ones to convey the same messages.

People send more information at a time through computer media than any other form of communication, including face-to-face communication. This increased rate of information transfer allows abusive forms of communication like cyberbullying and phishing to occur. The disassociation and disinhibition associated with mediated communication can cause people who are being deceived to have trouble interpreting the reactions of the deceiver since information sent through media instead of face-to-face can lose or have change the nonverbal cues within it, and, with that, signs of deception. The decreased availability of these nonverbal cues increases disassociation and anonymity. It is easier to trust someone else through mediated communication, but people with less trust can detect deception better online.

Because of the limitations of mediated communication, Nardi and Whittaker (2002) note, "Many theorists imply that face-to-face communication is the gold standard of communication." Mediated communication has been, however, described as more preferable in some situations, particularly where time and geographical distance are an issue. For example, in maintaining long-distance friendship, face-to-face communication was only the fourth most common way of maintaining ties, after mediated communication tools of telephone, email and instant messaging.

Uses of mediated communication
individuals will use different types of media depending on their motivations, communication purpose, institutional factors, and situational factors. Also, people will be more inclined to use a particular medium of communication if others associated with them use that medium. Motivations for using certain media are divided into strong- and weak-tie communication. There are five communication purposes: coordination, knowledge-sharing, information gathering, relationship development, and conflict resolution. Institutional factors include the physical structure of work units, social structure, and incentives. Situational factors include task characteristics, message content, and urgency.

Mediated communication is not as commonly used as face-to-face communication in the workplace, but there are different preferred media of communication for simple forms of coordination. E-mails and phone calls tend to be used for simple or complex coordination, but e-mails are also useful for retaining information and recording the exchange of information. In terms of communication solutions to certain situational factors, e-mails are used for recording the transfer of information and sending long, complex, and non-textual information, and phone calls and pagers are used for immediate communication. E-mails and phone calls are also used in knowledge sharing and information gathering. E-mails are rarely used to accomplish relationship goals, but they are used for conflict resolution. Individuals have a higher motivation to use cell-phone texting for weak-tie communication. The network effect has the most impact on e-mail, meaning that people tend to use e-mail more if their peers use it, too.