User:Big YellowBall/sandbox

= Definition = Drug effects are responses to a medicinal product that are harmful or unpleasant, normally represent at disease judgement or treatment, or for alteration of physiological function.

Differences with Drug Reactions
The term ‘drug effects’ is usually used to interchange ‘drug reactions’, they are different insinuations. Drug effects are commonly noticed by laboratory detection (e.g. pathological hematological, immunological, biochemical, radiological,) or by clinical investigations (e.g. cardiac catheterization, endoscopy) but drug reactions are usually detected by clinical features. There are five scenarios suggested: (i) drug effects can directly cause drug reactions; (ii) drug effects may not cause appreciable drug reactions; (iii) drug reactions may arise without preceding drug effects; (iv) drug reactions and effects can be dissociated; (v) adverse drug reactions and effects can together occur syndromes. The definition of adverse drug reactions as "a clearly harmful or unpleasant response to interventions related to the use of pharmaceutical products" suggests that adverse drug reactions are defined as: "The harmful effects of interventions related to the use of a drug that pose a risk may be associated with clinically significant adverse reactions or may be related to clinically significant adverse reactions, or to abnormalities in laboratory or clinical investigations as markers of adverse reactions.

= Reasons = One problem is interactions of two or more different drugs, such as blood thinners and aspirin. Blood thinners are usually provided to people who may have blood clots due to abnormalities such as heart rhythms, and the use of these life-saving drugs requires careful use of other drugs, especially painkillers called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as naproxen (Aleve) or ibuprofen (Advil). But a lot of individuals take the risk to relieve pain and aches.

Another one is drugs and diseases, such as peptic ulcers and aspirin. Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) can not only cause serious injury to human gastric mucosa but also it is related to chronic peptic ulcers. Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) can not only cause serious injury to human gastric mucosa but also it is related to chronic peptic ulcers. It is found that frequent use of aspirin is particularly associated with ulcers in the stomach around pyloric. Aspirin was less often used in patients with gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer than in patients with stomach ulcers alone. The findings propose that aspirin might be a common cause of human peptic ulcers.

Last one is drug and food, for instance grapefruit and statins. When your food and medicine interfere with each other, drug-food interactions occur. Both prescription and over-the-counter drugs can interact. These drugs include iron pills vitamins and antacids. Some food cannot be taken with certain types of drug. Some food may cause reactions with the drugs that change its effect. It can also cause or heighten the adverse side effects. There is an example of cholesterol drugs with grapefruits or grapefruits juice. You should avoid eating food high in potassium if you take ACE inhibitors.

= Classification = Six different types (with mnemonics): non-dose-related (Bizarre), dose-related (Augmented), time-related (Delayed), time-related (Chronic) and dose-related, therapeutic failures (Failure) and withdrawal (End of use).

In therapeutic classes, the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification (ATC) was used in drug effects classification, while the World Health Organization-Adverse Reaction Terminology was used in tissues affected classification of drug effects. Each effects were categorized related to the reaction mechanism that used the classification method projected by Rawling and Thompson, as well as Naranjo Algorithm’s system, which used the possible, doubtful, definite and probable classification method, with Coêlho’s severity classifications, which used moderate, severe, lethal and mild. There are six types (with mnemonics) of drug effects: non-dose-related (Bizarre), dose-related (Augmented), time-related (Delayed), time-related (Chronic) and dose-related, therapeutic failures (Failure) and withdrawal (End of use). Continually, the results of investigations, the pattern of illness, and timing can help classified interconnection to a suspected opposing drug effect.

Recently, a new comprehensive mechanical classification of adverse drug effects has been proposed, considering the effects of External chemical species which initiates the effect(E); the Intrinsic chemical species affecting (I); the Distribution of these species in the body (D); the Outcome of pathological or physiological (O); and the Sequela (S). This classification, known as EIDOS, describes the mechanisms that cause side effects. Based on clinical pharmacology, EIDOS complements the adverse effects which considers Time course, Susceptibility factors and Dose responsiveness. These two classification systems comprehensively define all important aspects of mechanical and clinical and adverse drug reactions. They need to promote the areas of drug regulation and development, drug vigilance, therapy and prevention monitoring, diagnosis and treatment of side effects.

= Proofs = Goldenseal medicine normally contain the hydrastine, hydrastinine and isoquinoline alkaloids berberine. This experiment provides a reliable evidence of goldenseal, which is a botanic natural medicine generally used to self-treat many digestive disorders and the common cold. Goldenseal medicine normally contain the hydrastine, hydrastinine and isoquinoline alkaloids berberine. These substances represent a methylenedioxyphenyl ring, typically called 'structural alert' which can cause permanent restrain of drug metabolizing enzymes, especially the cytochromes P450 (CYPs). There is a scientific study containing healthy volunteers confirmed that, after goldenseal treatment, CYP3A and CYP2D6 activities had a 40-60% decrease compared to non-goldenseal absent. Compared to the CYPs, the effects of goldenseal products on drug transporters are understudied, particularly in human subjects.

= Common Symptoms = The most common drug effect is alopecia followed by anemia, thrombocytopenia and constipation. There was a research which conducted in the Oncology department of a tertiary care hospital. The aim of this research was to study the rhythms of drug effects. Following were noted: premedication (if any), chemotherapy (regimen, cycles), diagnosis, demographics and medication history. Through patient interviews, record keeping information to document changes to prescription charts and questionnaires, consult doctors, and pay attention to drug effects. During the study period, a total of 14 475 patients were visited, and 2 500 drug effects was recorded. Incidentally, the maximum drug effect amount is the platinum compound (25.52%), secondly was pyridine antagonist (19.88%). The most common malignant tumors reported in the hospital were breast cancer (20%), followed by leukemia (12%), Ca ovary (12%). Hair loss (27.76%) is the most common drug effect, after that anemia (7.48), thrombocytopenia (6.96%) and constipation (6.16%). In conclusion, the most common drug effect is alopecia, the most common cancers reported during this period were breast cancer.

= Management = Drug effects are still considered to be one of the main problems in drug treatment. Researchers analyzed every patients’ application form, examined drug effects that led to hospitalization and occurred drug effects during hospitalization. All ages and both genders of patients were involved in this study but expected intentionally or accidentally poisoned, had drug effects due to transfusions of blood, intoxication and drug overdose. Researchers reported this experiment by concentrated on the patient’s comorbidities, age, gender, allergies, possible risk features, and suspected drugs (administration, type, posology and dose). They separated patients into three groups by ages: geriatric populations (over 60 years old), adults (19–59 years old), as well as pediatric (0–18 years old). The assessment of development results is linked to considerable morbidity, mortality, compliance and declining success rates in treatment, as well as high direct and indirect medical costs. There are several factors that must be considered when managing a potential drug effect. It is very important to establish accurate clinical diagnosis of adverse events. Combining information on drug exposure with consideration of other possible causes of response is essential to determine the causal relationship between the reaction and the suspected drug. Determining the potential pathogenesis of drug effects and the severity of the response will have a profound impact on the continuation of drug therapy after drug effects. Since the spontaneous report on the assessment of development results is a key stone in a well-functioning post-marketing monitoring system and therefore plays a key role in improving drug safety, health professionals are strongly encouraged to report on the assessment of development results to local or national organizations. However, because most adverse reactions are dependent on doses, they can be prevented, and personalization of drug treatment may have a significant impact on reducing such events.

= Prevention = Review contemporary knowledge on the prevention and prediction of adverse drug effects related to activated off-target of small molecule medical drugs.

Everyone can have drug effects. They are more common in people who intake three or more medicines per day. A drug that could cause a reaction if used on another drug. The best way to reduce the risk of side effects is to follow the instructions to take all the medications. You should also try to limit the number of medications you take. Please cooperate with your doctor to see if this is possible. Tell your doctor about all the medications you take, including short-and long-term medications. Over-the-counter medications should include vitamins and supplements. These can also cause adverse drug effects. You may just want to use one pharmacy or drugstore. Let this be a pharmacist to know about you and the medications you are taking. Pharmacists are trained to find out if the drug causes side effects. Allergies are another drug reaction. Symptoms may be severe, mild, such as rashes, or allergic reactions. Certain types of foods may cause side effects. Grapefruit and grapefruit juice, for example, may affect the workings of the drug. Every time your doctor opens a new drug, ask about all possible interactions. All the medicine should be filled with a glass of water, unless your doctor tells you. Do not separate the capsules or mix the drugs into food, unless the doctor tells you. Never take medicine with alcohol.

When taking medicine, it is significant to be aware of the changes in your body. If you experience any abnormalities, please tell your doctor. It may be difficult to know if the drug effects are caused by illness or your medications. Tell your doctor if your symptoms begin and differ from the other symptoms you had. Be sure to remind your doctor of all medications you are taking. Symptoms of drug effects include:  bruising, abnormal heartbeat, dizziness, diarrhea, skin rash, confusion, swelling, trouble breathing, bleeding, severe nausea and vomiting, constipation. If you have any of these symptoms, please contact your doctor. They may stop taking the medication to see if the symptoms are gone. The doctor can prescribe another drug to treat the reaction. If your drug effect is serious, you may have to go to the hospital.

Category:Pharmacy Category:Clinical pharmacology Category:Drug safety

= References =